GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL

LESSON PLAN (2021-2022)

SUBJECT: Science
NAME OF THE TEACHER: KAVITHA.C
CLASS: 10
SUBJECT: SCIENCE

GRADE:X MONTH:JUNE
NO: OF PERIODS: 7 (7hours) WEEK: I & II
TOPIC: Chemical Reactions And Equations

LESSON GOALS / OBJECTIVES:

What will the students experience and be able to do as a result of this lesson or project?
 Understand the importance of reproduction in an organism's life cycle( it allows the organism to
pass its genetic information on to the next generation)
 Discuss the results of asexual reproduction: offspring that are genetically identical to their single
parent
 Discuss the results of sexual reproduction: offspring that are genetically different from both of
their parents
 Consider the evolutionary advantages of the genetic variation that comes from sexual reproduction
 Learn that complex strategies that ensure successful reproduction have evolved over thousands and
sometimes millions of years
 To develop scientific awareness among the students about reproduction in living things
 To aware the students about different parts of organisms related to reproduction.
 To develop the inter disciplinary approach for study in different subjects.
 To make the students confident and present topic in class.
 To make students aware about their surroundings & environment.
 understand the importance of contraception in controlling population and spreading of STD’s

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Which specific curriculum learning outcomes will be addressed in this lesson or project?
 By the end of the lesson, with the help of proper demonstration, discussion and activity based on
the contents students will be able to :
 Understand the kind of reproduction taking place in yeast cells.
 See yeast cells under a microscope using permanent slide.
 Acquire knowledge about asexual and Sexual mode of reproduction taking place in organism
 To get the students aware about different parts of a plant which take part in asexual reproduction
 Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction, including uniform and diverse offspring
 Describe how genetic information is passed from parent to offspring
 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type of reproduction
 Explain how genetic information is altered through mutations.
 Do a review of the whole chapter and get acquainted with different types of questions related to
the chapter and answer them.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:
Which sustainable goals will be addressed in this lesson or project?

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

RESOURCES REQUIRED:
What materials will be needed to carry out the objectives?
What resources will be needed including books, web page links etc.,

 Textbook (NCERT)
 Reference books( Class XI NCERT)
 PowerPoint presentation
 Diagrams, yeast, sugar solution, test tube, microscopes, glass slides
 Butterfly Picture to show the adaptation.
 Single-Celled Organisms QuickTime Video
 Floral Arrangements QuickTime Video
 The Mating Game Flash Interactive
 Asexual Reproducers QuickTime Video
 The Red Queen QuickTime Video

ENGAGEMENT:
How will the students be motivated?
How will the prior knowledge of the students be tested?

 By performing simple activities. Wet a slice of bread and keep it in a cool, moist and dark place.
Observe the surface of the slice with a magnifying glass. Record your observations for a week.
 Sprouting Green Gram
 Dissection of hibiscus flower to see the reproductive parts.
 Permanent slide ( yeast , spirogyra, Ovary will be shown)
 Differentiate between unicellular and multi cellular organisms.

EXPLORATION:
How will the teachers arouse curiosity to explore, investigate, experiment and draw inferences?
Demonstration: Dissection of hibiscus flower to see the reproductive parts.
Discussion : Why

discussion and activity based on the contents students will be able to :n this activity, students
explore the various ways in which organisms reproduce. Students discuss the role reproduction
plays in the cycle of life. They observe that no individual organism lives forever and that, to carry
on their species, organisms must pass their genetic instructions on to the next generation. They
learn that single-celled organisms reproduce asexually, by dividing and producing two identical
copies of themselves. They learn that many plants reproduce sexually, often using complex
strategies that have evolved over millions of years. Finally, they explore the pros and cons of asexual
and sexual reproduction and the reasons both strategies persist.
What are the chemical changes that we come across in everyday life. (burning of LPG gas, baking,
digestion of food, photosynthesis)
Discuss burning of magnesium ribbon and reaction of zinc and sulphuric acid with the help of
videos
 Collect the samples of few rusted materials.
Find out which gas is used to flush bags of chips and Why?

EXPLANATION:
Which pedagogical method will be followed for explaining the concepts?
 Demonstration, Discussion cum Activity-based approach
Activity:
Asking students to stand on one leg and to share their experience, after 5 minutes ask them to stand on
two legs.
 Explain the importance of balancing chemical equations
 Explain how to balance equation with the help of video
Demonstration method / Learning by doing
Perform types of reactions in Lab/virtual lab
Using ppt and video balancing equations, types of reactions will be explained in detail.

ELABORATION:
How will the students connect the concept to real world situations?
What is the scope for extended learning and multidisciplinary approach?
Record the observation.
 Milk is left at room temperature during summers.
 An iron tawa/pan/nail is left exposed to humid atmosphere
 Food is cooked.
 Knowledge of India: Find out/Mark the Places in India where Mining is done. (With the help
of outline Map of India)

EVALUATION:
How will the teachers assess the performance of the students?
What are the differentiated assessments planned for –
(i) Enrichment – Best performers- HOTS questions
(ii) Enhancement - Slow learners- concept map
 Activities in Lab/virtual lab
 worksheet
 Class test

COMPETANCY BASED QUESTIONS

 Q) A metal A’ gives a compound ‘B’ (molecular mass 40) when it reacts with water. Compound ‘B’
gives a soluble compound ‘C’ on treatment with aluminum oxide. Identify A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. Also give
the reactions involved.
Answer : The available data suggests that the metal A sodium (Na). It reacts with water to form
sodium hydroxide ‘B’ with formula NaOH. On reacting with aluminum oxide, the compound ‘B’
forms sodium met aluminate ‘C.
The chemical equation is as follows

 2Q) A student dipped a strip of pH paper in distilled water taken in a tube. As expected, the pH paper
 acquired green colour. He then dissolved a pinch of common salt in the same tube. What will be the
expected change in colour of the pH paper ?
 Answer: There will not be any change in the colour of the pH paper. It will remain green which
indicates that the solution has maintained neutral character. Actually, sodium chloride is a salt
prepared from strong base (NaOH) and strong acid (HCl). It is a neutral salt and is not expected to
bring any change in the pH of distilled water.

LIFE SKILLS/VALUES/CHARACTER TRAITS:

Which life skills would the students reflect after learning this topic?
Which character traits or behaviors would the students reflect after learning this topic?
 Learns to ferment batter, uses of yeast in our daily life
 Prevention of spoilage of food
Character trait
 Curiosity
 Zest
 Optimism
TEACHER’S SELF-REFLECTION:
What were the strengths of the lesson? Most of the concepts can be explained by connecting it to real life
examples.
What were the challenging areas? To provide one hand experience few content can be explained better by
taking them to science lab.
How could the lesson be improved next time? By providing one hand experience (science Lab)

Usharani.E

Subject Teacher - 1 Head of the Department - 1

Usharani.E

Subject Teacher - 2 Head of the Department - 2

Academic Coordinator - 1

Principal

Academic Coordinator – 2

CHAPTER-1
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

PRE – READING MATERIAL

There are two types of changes, one physical, which is a temporary and reversible change and the
other one is a chemical change which is irreversible and permanent in most of the cases. We
encounter chemical reactions all the time in our daily lives. Digestion of food, burning of a candle,
cooking etc involve chemical reactions. A chemical reaction or a chemical change is a process in
which one set of chemicals, called as reactants is transformed into another set called the products. A
chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and
formulae.

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one
or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A
chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as
products.  

Example: Rusting of iron, the setting of milk into curd, etc.

Reactant: The chemical substance which takes part and undergoes a chemical change.
Product: The new substance which is formed after a chemical change.

Observations for a chemical change:

 Change in state of a substance.
 Change in colour of a substance.
 Change in temperature
 Evolution of heat
 Absorption of heat.
 Evolution of gas.
 Evolution of light and sound.
Chemical equation:
The representation of the chemical reaction using symbols of substances.

Example: A + B ⇨ C + D

In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. The arrow shows
the direction of the chemical reaction.

Corrosion

It is a slow conversion of metals into some undesirable compounds. It occurs due to reaction with
oxygen, gases, acids etc. When iron reacts with atmospheric oxygen and moisture, a red layer is
formed on the surface of the iron, this process is known as Rusting.
 GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL (2021-22)

CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION

WORKSHEET-1

1. Balance each of the following equations.

(a) Fe + Cl2 −−→ FeCl3

(b) Fe + O2 −−→ Fe2 O3

(c) FeBr3 + H2 SO4 −−→ Fe2 (SO4 )3 + HBr

(d) C4 H6 O3 + H2 O −−→ C2 H4 O2

(e) C2 H4 + O2 −−→ CO2 + H2 O

(f) C4 H10 O + O2 −−→ CO2 + H2 O

(g) C7 H16 + O2 −−→ CO2 + H2 O

(h) H2 SiCl2 + H2 O −−→ H8 Si4 O4 + HCl

(i) HSiCl3 + H2 O −−→ H10 Si10 O15 + HCl

(j) C7 H9 + HNO3 −−→ C7 H6 (NO2 )3 + H2 O

 (k) C5 H8 O2 + NaH + HCl −−→ C5 H12 O2 + NaCl

GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL (2021-22)

CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION

WORKSHEET-1

ANSWER KEY:

(a) 2 Fe + 3 Cl2 −−→ 2 FeCl3

(b) 4 Fe + 3 O2 −−→ 2 Fe2 O3

(c) 2 FeBr3 + 3 H2 SO4 −−→ 1 Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 6 HBr

(d) 1 C4 H6 O3 + 1 H2 O −−→ 2 C2 H4 O2

(e) 1 C2 H4 + 3 O2 −−→ 2 CO2 + 2 H2 O

(f) 1 C4 H10 O + 6 O2 −−→ 4 CO2 + 5 H2 O

(g) 1 C7 H16 + 11 O2 −−→ 7 CO2 + 8 H2 O

(h) 4 H2 SiCl2 + 4 H2 O −−→ 1 H8 Si4 O4 + 8 HCl

(i) 10 HSiCl3 + 15 H2 O −−→ 1 H10 Si10 O15 + 30 HCl

(j) 1 C7 H9 + 3 HNO3 −−→ 1 C7 H6 (NO2 )3 + 3 H2 O

(k) 1 C5 H8 O2 + 2 NaH + 2 HCl −−→ 1 C5 H12 O2 + 2 NaCl

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATION(CW)

Answer the following questions:

1. We need to balance a chemical equation. Give reason to justify the

statement.
Answer:- To obey law of conservation of mass.

2. Giving an example list two information which make a chemical equation

more useful (informative).
Answer:- (i) Physical state of reactants must be mentioned
(ii) Condition in which reaction takes place are written on the arrow head
3. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before
burning in air?
Answer: To remove the layer of MgO.

4. In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one electrode
double that of gas collected over the other electrode?
Answer:- It is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 1.

5. What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide solution is added to a

solution of lead nitrate? Name the type of reaction. Write a balanced chemical
equation to represent the above chemical reaction.
Answer:- Yellow precipitate is formed. It is precipitation reaction.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

6. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination

reactions? Write equations for these reactions.
Answer. In decomposition reaction, a compound is broken down into
simpler compounds or elements, e.g.
CuCO
3 (s) heatCuO(s) 2  CO2 (g)

Combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more elements or

compounds combine to form a new compound, e.g.
N2 (g)  3H2  2NH3(g)
Thus, decomposition and combination reactions are opposite to each other.
7. The following diagram displays a chemical reaction. Observe carefully
and answer the following questions
 .

(a) Identify the type of chemical reaction that will take place and define it.
(b) How will the color of the salt change? Write the chemical equation of
the reaction that takes place.
(c) Mention one commercial use
of this salt.
Answer. (a) Photochemical
decomposition reaction.

(b) The colour of salt will change from white to grey.

(c) in photography
8. What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can
be prevented.
Answer. Spoilage of food containing oil.
Prevention from rancidity:-
(i) Antioxidants
(ii)airtight container in refrigerator.

9. (a) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?

(b) Identify the substance that is oxidized and reduced in the following reaction.
CaO(s)  Zn(s)  Cu(s)  ZnO(s)
Answer. (a) It is because heat is evolved during respiration.
(b) Zn is getting oxidised, CuO is getting reduced.

10. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and Sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminum sulphate to give aluminum chloride
and a precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
Answer: (a) 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

(b) H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) → SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)

(c) 3BaCl2 (aq) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3BaSO4 ↓(s)
(d) 2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
 GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL
CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION STUDY MATERIAL ( IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)

1.“We need to balance a skeltal chemical equation.” Give reason to justify the statement.
Answer. Skeltal chemical equation are unbalanced. We need to balance chemical equation because of law of
conservation of mass. It states that ‘matter can neither be created nor be destroyed’. Therefore chemical
equation must be balanced in each and every chemical reaction.

2.Giving an example list two information which make a chemical equation more useful (informative).
Answer.
(i) Physical state of reactants must be mentioned, e.g.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)——– > 2H20 (l)
(ii) Condition in which reaction takes place are written on the arrow head, e.g.

3.Consider the following chemical reaction

. X + Barium chloride——–> Y + Sodium chloride
(White ppt)
(a) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’
(b) The type of reaction
(a) ‘X’ is Na2SO4 and Y is BaSO4.
(b) The type of reaction
Na2SO4 + BaCl2—–> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(White ppt)
The reaction is precipitation reaction. It is also called double displacement reaction.

4. Name the reducing agent in the following reaction:

3MnO2 + 4Al———— > 3Mn + 2Al2O3
State which is more reactive, Mn or A1 and why?
Answer. ‘Al’ is reducing agent.
‘Al is more reactive than Mn v ‘Al’ displaces Mn from its oxide.

5.(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for process of photosynthesis.

   (ii)When do desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis?
Answer.

(ii) In desert plants the stomata are open at night. They take CO2 at night and is stored in the form of acid and is
used during day time for photosynthesis.

6.A Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the following equation:

Answer.
(i) Combination reaction
(ii) Double displacement reaction (Precipitation reaction)
(iii) Decomposition reaction.

7. Write the chemical equation of the reaction in which the following changes have taken place with an
example of each: 
(i) Change in colour
(ii) Change in temperature
(iii) Formation of precipitate
Answer.
(i)Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq)———–> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag
The solution will become blue in colour and shiny silver metal will be deposited.
(ii) NaOH + HCl ———–> NaCl +  H2O+ heat
The temperature will increase because heat will be evolved.
(iii) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq)———–> Pbl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
Yellow ppt
Yellow precipitate of Pbl2will be formed.

8.State the type of chemical reactions and chemical equations that take place in the following:
(i) Magnesium wire is burnt in air.
(ii) Electric current is passed through water.
(iii) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases’are mixed.

Answer.

9.(a) Write the essential condition for the following reaction to take place:
2AgBr—-> 2Ag + Br2
Write one application of this reaction.
(b) Complete the following chemical equation of a chemical reaction 2FeS04 —

(c) What happens when water is added to quick line. Write chemical equation.
Answer.

This reaction is used in photography.

(c) Slaked lime is formed with hissing sound and lot of heat is envolved.

10. 2g of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.

(i) List any two observations.
(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(iii) ‘Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Answer.
(i) •Green colour of Fe SO4 disappears and reddish brown solid is formed.
• Smell of burning sulphur.
(ii) Decomposition reaction

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks)

11. (a) Define a balanced chemical equation. Why should an equation be balanced?
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reaction:
(i) Phosphorus burns in presence of chlorine to form phosphorus penta chloride.
(ii) Burning of natural gas.
(iii) The process of respiration.
Answer.
(a) Balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the reactants and
products. According to law of conservation of mass, matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
(b)(i) P4 (s) + 10Cl2 (g) ———> 4PCl5 (S)
(i)CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) ———> CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) + heat energy
(iii) C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) + 6H2O ———> 6CO2 (aq) + 12H2O (l) + energy

12.(a) Explain two ways by which food industries prevent rancidity.

(b) Discuss the importance of decomposition reaction in metal industry with three points.
Answer.
(a) (i) Rancidity can be prevented by adding antioxidants to food containing
fat and oil, e.g. butylated hydroxy anisole is added to butter as antioxidant.
(ii) It can be prevented by packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.
(b) (i) Molten NaCl is electrolytically decomposed to form sodium metal.
(ii) Aluminium metal is obtained by electric decomposition of bauxite ore mixed with cryolite.
(iii) Carbonate ores are thermally decomposed to give metal oxide which on reduction give metal.

Short Answer Type Question[I] [2 Marks] 

13. What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead nitrate?
Name the type of reaction. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above chemical reaction.
Answer.Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. It is precipitation reaction.
Pb( NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) —-> Pbl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
It is also called double displacement reaction.

short Answer Type Question[ll] [3 Marks] 

14.Write chemical equation reactions taking place when carried out with the help of
(a) Iron reacts with steam
(b) Magnesium reacts with dil HCl
(c) Copper is heated in air.
Answer.

Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks] 

15.(a) Write one example for each of decomposion reaction carried out with help of
(i) Electricity (ii) Heat (iii) Light
(b) Which of the following statements is correct and why copper can displace silver from silver nitrate
and silver can displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
Answer.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks] 

16.Which products will be obtained when lead nitrate is heated simply. Write balanced chemical
equation for the reaction? State the type of chemical reaction that occur in the change.
Answer. Lead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas will be liberated.

It is thermal decomposition reaction.

17. What is meant by skeltal type chemical equation? What does it represent? Using the equation for
electrolytic decomposition of water, differentiate between a skeltal chemical equation and a balanced
chemical equation.
Answer. The equations in which gaseous are written in atomic form instead of molecular form and equation is
not balanced, are called skeltal type equation. They represent gaseous elements formed in atomic state and
equation is not balanced

Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks)

18.Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
(i) Silver bromide on exposure to sunlight decomposes into silver and bromine,
(ii) Sodium metal reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Answer.

19.Identify the type of reaction(s) in the following equations.

(i)CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ——–>Pbl2 + 2KNOs
(iii) CaO +  H2O ——–> Ca(OH)2
(iv) CuSO4 + Zn ——–> ZnSO4 + Cu
Answer.
(i) Combustion reaction and oxidation reaction.
(ii)Double displacement reaction and precipitation reaction.
(iii) Combination reaction.
(iv) Displacement reaction.

20.Write balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Name the
product obtained, identify the type of reaction.
Answer.

The product formed is magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.

It is a displacement reaction.

21.Describe an activity to observe what happens when quick lime is added to water taken in a beaker.
State two important observations and name the type of reaction taking place.
Answer.
Aim: To observe what happens when quicklime is added to water taken in a beaker.
Materials Required:- Quicklime (calcium oxide), water, beaker.
Procedure:
1. Take 5 g of calcium oxide in a beaker.
2. Add water to it slowly.
3. Touch the beaker.
4. Note down the observations.
Observation: Calcium oxide reacts with water
vigorously to form calcium hydroxide with the evolution of heat.
Chemical Reaction:

Conclusion: The reaction between CaO (Calcium oxide) and H2O is a combination reaction. It is an exothermic
process because heat is evolved.

22.What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals? How does this colour change after heating?
Answer.The colour of ferrous sulphate is pale green. The colour changes to reddish brown on heating due to
formation of iron (III) oxide.
Give an example each for thermal decomposition and photochemical decomposition reactions. Write relevant
balanced chemical equations also.
Thermal decomposition reaction:

Photochemical decomposition reaction:

24. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it? Write two
observations.
Answer. It is because displacement reaction takes place.
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution and forms pale green
coloured solution of FeS04 and reddish brown copper metal gets deposited.
Fe(s) + CuS04(aq) ——–> FeS04(aq) + Cu(s)

25. Translate the following statement into chemical equation and then balance it Barium chloride reacts
with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate of barium sulphate. State the two
types in which this reaction can be classified.
Answer. 3BaCl2(aq) + A12(S04)3(aq) ——–> 3BaS04(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)
It can be classified as double displacement as well as precipitation reaction.

26. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write equations for
these reactions.
Answer. In decomposition reaction, a compound is broken down into simpler compounds or elements, e.g.

Combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more elements or c

compound, e.g.

Thus, decomposition and combination reactions are opposite to each other.

Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks]  

27. The following diagram displays a chemical reaction. Observe carefully and answer the following
questions

(a) Identify the type of chemical reaction that will take place and define it. How will the colour of the salt
change?
Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
(c) Mention one commercial use of this salt.
Answer. (a) Photochemical decomposition reaction: Those reactions in which a compound breaks down into
simple substances in presence of light are called photochemical decomposition reaction. The colour of salt will
change from white to grey.

(c) Silver chloride is used in photography.

28. What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can be prevented.
Answer. The process in which taste and smell of food gets spoiled is called rancidity. It happens due to
oxidation.
Prevention from rancidity:
(i) Antioxidants are added to fatty acids to prevent oxidation, e.g. chips are packed in presence of nitrogen gas
which prevents spoilage by oxidation.
(ii)Food should be kept in airtight container in refrigerator.

29.Write balanced chemical equation for the reactions that take place during respiration. Identify the
type of combination reaction that takes place during this process and justify the name. Give one more
example of this type of reaction.
Answer. CgH1206 + 6O2 —————> 6CO2 + 6H20 + heat
It is an exothermic combination reaction because heat is evolved.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ————–>CO2 (g) + 2H20
Combustion of methane is another example of exothermic combination reaction.
30. What is redox reaction? Identify the substance oxidised and the substance reduced in the following
reactions.
(i)2PbO + C —–> 2Pb + CO2
(ii)MnO2 + 4HCl —–> MnCl2 + 2H20 + Cl2
Answer. Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously are called redox
reactions.
(i) PbO is getting reduced and C is getting oxidised.
(ii) MnOs is getting reduced and HCl is getting oxidised.

31. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in
each case.
Thermite reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron and aluminium oxide.
Answer.

It is a displacement reaction because A1 is displacing Fe from Fe2O3.

Molten iron is used’for repairing broken railway tracks.

32. A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution, an insoluble white substance
is formed. Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction?
Answer.

.
It is a double displacement reaction. It is also a precipitation reaction as AgCl is a white precipitate.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] -Year 2011

33.State one basic difference between a physical change and a chemical change.
Answer. In physical change, no new substance is formed, whereas in a chemical change, new substance(s)
is/are formed.

34 What is meant by a chemical reaction?

Answer. The reaction representing a chemical change is called a chemical reaction.

35.AgN03(aq) + NaCl(aq)——————– > AgCl(s)4↓ + NaN03(aq)

FeS + H2S04————- > FeS04 + H2S↑
Consider the above mentioned two chemical equations with two different kinds of arrows (↑and ↓) along with
product. What do these two different arrows indicate?
Ans,↑shows the gas is evolved whereas ↓shows insoluble substance (precipitate) is formed.

36. Hydrogen being a highly inflammable gas and oxygen being a supporter of combustion, yet water
which is a compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen is used to extinguish fire. Why?
Answer. It is because properties of compound (H2O) are different from properties of its constituting elements,
i.e. H2and O2.
 Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks] -

37.Using a suitable chemical equation, justify that some chemical reactions are determined by:
(i) change in colour, (ii) change in temperature.
Answer.

38.(a) A solution of substance ‘X’ is used for white washing. What is the substance ‘X’? State the chemical
reaction of ‘X’ with water.
(b) Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Answer.
(a) ‘X’ is calcium oxide (CaO).
CaO(s) + H2O(l) —–> Ca(OH)2(aq) + heat
(a) It is because iron displaces copper from CuS04 to form FeS04 which is pale green.
Fe(s) + CUS04 (aq)—–> FeS04(aq) + Cu(s)
Blue                       Pale green

39.Balance the following chemical equations.

Answer.

40.Write the balanced equation for the. following reaction and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(i) Potassium bromide + Barium iodide—-> Potassium iodide + Barium bromide.
(ii) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g)—-> Hydrogen chloride(g)
Answer.

41. A zinc plate was put into a solution of copper sulphate kept in a glass container. It was found that
blue colour of the solution gets fader and fader with the passage of time. After few days, when zinc plate
was taken out of the solution, a number of holes were observed on it.
(i) State the reason for changes observed on the zinc plate.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Answer.
(i) It is because zinc has displaced copper from CuS04. Zinc metal has been used to form zinc sulphate,
therefore, number of holes were observed.

42. A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes and a residue is left behind.
(i) Name the salt.
(ii) Write the equation for the decom-position reaction.
Answer.
(i) Lead nitrate is white salt.

43. When a solution of potassium iodide is added to a solution of lead nitrate in a test tube, a reaction
takes place.
(a) What type of reaction is this?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction.
Answer.
(a) Double displacement as well as precipitation reaction.

44. Define combination reaction. Give one example of a combination reaction which is also exothermic.
Answer. A reaction in which two elements or compounds combine to form a single compound is called
combination reaction.

It is also an exothermic reaction along with a combination reaction because heat is evolved.
Short Answer Type Questions[ll] [3 Marks]

45.(a) Classify the following reactions into different types.

(b) Which of the above reaction(s) is/are precipitation reaction(s)? Why is a reaction called precipitation
reaction?
Answer.
(a) (i) Precipitation reaction (Double displacement reaction)
(ii) Combination reaction (in) Decomposition reaction
(b) Reaction (i) is a precipitation reaction because one of the product formed is insoluble in water.

46. Write balanced equations for the following mentioning the type of reaction involved.
(i) Aluminium + Bromine —–> Aluminium bromide
(ii) Calcium carbonate—–> Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
(iii) Silver chloride—–>Silver + Chlorine
Answer.

47.(a) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?

(b) Define the terms oxidation and reduction.
(c) Identify the substance that is oxidised and reduced in the following reaction.

Answer. (a) It is because heat is evolved during respiration.

(b) Oxidation is a process in which O2 is added or H2 is removed or loss of electrons take place. Reduction is a
process in which H2 is added or O2. is removed or gain of electrons take place.
(c) Zn is getting oxidised, CuO is getting reduced.

48. What is meant by

(i) precipitation reaction,
(ii) exothermic reaction,
(iii) oxidation reaction?
Write balanced chemical equations for an example of each.
Answer.(i) Precipitation reaction: The reaction in which two compounds exchange their
ions and the product formed is insoluble in water is called precipitation reaction.

(ii) Exothermic reaction: The reaction in Which heat is evolved is known as exothermic reaction.

(iii) Oxidation reaction: The reaction in which Og is added or H2 is removed or loss of electrons takes place is
called oxidation reaction.

49.You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a china dish, the surface of copper
powder becomes coated with a black colour substance.
(i) How has this black coloured substance formed?
(ii) What is that black substance?
(iii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
Answer.
(i) Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide which is black, i.e. oxidation of copper takes place.
(ii)Copper oxide
 Very Short Answer Type Questions

50. What happens chemically when quicklime is added to water filled in a bucket?
Answer. Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime and produces lot of heat and hissing sound.

51. On what basis is a chemical equation balanced?

Answer. A chemical reaction is balanced on the basis of law of conservation of mass.

52. What change in colour is observed when white silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight? State the
type of chemical reaction in this change.
Answer. Silver chloride becomes grey. It is a photochemical decomposition reaction.

53. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium chloride
and silver nitrate indicating the physical state of the reactants and the products.
Answer.

Short Answer Type Questions[

54. What happens when an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution of
barium chloride? State the physical conditions of reactants in which the reaction between them will not
take place. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the type of reaction.
Answer. White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
If both reactants are in solid state, then the reaction will not take place between them.

It is a double displacement as well as a precipitation reaction.

55. What is a redox reaction? When a magnesium ribbon burns in air with a dazzling flame and forms a
white ash, is magnesium oxidised or reduced? Why?
Answer. The reactions in which oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) take place
simultaneously are called redox reactions.

Magnesium is getting oxidised because it is losing electrons to form Mg2+ and oxygen is gaining electrons to
form O2-, therefore it is getting reduced.

56. Write any two observations in an activity which may suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Give an example in support of your answer.
Answer. Any two of these observations will suggest chemical reaction has taken place.
(i) Change in state.
(ii)Change in colour.
(iii) Evolution of gas.
(iv)Change in temperature.
For example, lead nitrate is white crystalline solid which on heating gives yellowish brown solid (lead
monoxide). A brown gas and a colourless gas is also evolved. It shows chemical reaction has taken place.

57.When the powder of a common metal is heated in an open china dish, its colour turns black. However,
when hydrogen is passed over the hot black substance so formed, it regains its original colour. Based on
the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) What type of chemical reaction takes place in each of the two given steps?
(ii) Name the metal initially taken in the powder form. Write balanced chemical equations for both
reactions.
Answer.
(i) In first step, oxidation takes place.In second step, redox reaction takes place.
(ii)Metal in the powder form is copper.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

58.In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one electrode double that of gas
collected over the other electrode?
Answer.It is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 1.

59.Balance the following chemical equations.

Answer.

Short Answer Type Questions[l] [2 Marks

60. Name the products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals. What type of chemical
reaction occurs in this change?
Answer.

It is decomposition reaction.

61. What is an oxidation reaction? Give an example of oxidation reaction. Is oxidation an exothermic or
an endothermic reaction?
Answer. The reaction in which oxygen or electronegative element is added or hydrogen or electropositive
element is removed or loss of electrons takes place, is called an oxidation reaction, e.g. ,

Oxidation reactions are mostly exothermic in nature because heat is evolved in this process.
62. Describe an activity to demonstrate the change that takes place when white silver chloride is kept in
sunlight. State the type of chemical reaction which takes place.
Answer.
Aim: To demonstrate the change that takes place when white silver chloride is kept in sunlight.
Materials Required: AgNO3(aq), NaCl(aq), test tubes.

Procedure:
1. Take 5 ml of silver nitrate solution in a test tube.
2. Prepare sodium chloride solution in another test tube.
3. Add sodium chloride solution into test tube containing silver nitrate solution.
4. Observe the colour of silver chloride formed chloride to grey silver metal Dry it with the help of filter papers
and place it on the watch glass.
5. Place the watch glass under sunlight for sometime.
6. Observe the colour of the silver chloride after sometime. Observation: White silver chloride turns grey in
sunlight because silver metal is formed.

Explanation: Silver chloride is photosensitive. It decomposes in presence of sunlight to form silver metal and
chlorine gas.
Conclusion: Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of sunlight is photochemical decomposition reaction.

63.When magnesium ribbon burns in air or oxygen, a product is formed. State the type of chemical
reaction and name the product formed in the reaction. Write balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
Answer.

The type of reaction is combination reaction and the product formed is magnesium oxide.

64.Distinguish between a displacement reaction and a double displacement reaction. Identify the
displacement and the double displacement reaction from the following reactions.
Answer.

Displacement reaction is a reaction in which more reactive metal can displace less reactive metal from its salt
solution.
Double displacement reaction are those reactions in which compounds exchange their ions to form two new
compounds (?) Double displacement reaction (ii) Displacement reaction
65.When you have mixed the solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide,
(i) what was the colour of the precipitate formed and can you name the precipitate?
(ii) write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(iii) is this also a double displacement reaction?
Answer.
(i) The colour of the precipitate is yellow. The name of compound formed as a precipitate is Pbl2 (lead iodide).

(iii) Yes, it is also a double displacement reaction.

66.What do you mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Answer.Exothermic reactions are those in which heat is evolved, e.g.

Endothermic reactions are those reactions in which heat is absorbed, e.g.

Balancing Chemical Equations

What goes in must

come out!
Law of Conservation of Mass
You need to remember this law!

 The Law of Conservation of Mass states:

that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in any chemical reaction.
Therefore balancing of equations requires
the same number of atoms on both sides of a
chemical reaction.
 The number of atoms in the Reactants must
equal the Number of atoms in the Products

Chemical Equations

Because of the principle of the

Conservation of Matter,
an equation must be
balanced.
It must have the same
number of atoms of the
same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788
 Law of Conservation of Mass

 The mass of all the reactants (the

substances going into a reaction) must equal
the mass of the products (the substances
produced by the reaction).

 Reactant + Reactant = Product

A simple equation, such as the

synthesis of Iron (II) sulfide,

 iron + sulfur Iron (II) sulfide

 Fe + S FeS

 Note that in a chemical equation, by

convention, we use the arrow “ " instead
of the equals “ = ".
  The last stage is to put in state of matter
symbols, (s, l, g, aq), as appropriate (solid,
liquid, gas, aqueous or dissolved in water)

 Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)

Balancing
Equations

2 3
___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(l) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s)
Steps to Balancing a Chemical Equation

1. Write all reactants 2. Use coefficients in

on the left and all front of each formula
to balance the
products on the
number of atoms on
right side of the each side.
equation arrow.
Make sure you
write the correct
formula for each
element

Steps to Balancing a Chemical Equation

3. Multiply the 4. It is often easiest to start

coefficient of each
element by the
subscript of the
element to count the
atoms. Then list the
number of atoms of
each element on
each side.
balancing with an element
that appears only once on
each side of the arrow.
These elements must have
the same coefficient. Next
balance elements that
appear only once on each
side but have different
numbers of atoms. Finally
balance elements that are
in two formulas in the
same side.
 Re-cap of steps from rule 4:

 Balance elements that appear only

once on each side of the arrow.
 Next balance elements that appear only
once on each side but have different
numbers of atoms.
 Finally balance elements that are in two
formulas in the same side.

First you need an equation with the correct “formulae”

………. You’ll probably be given this in the question

Just like this one

Mg + O2  MgO
Then all you do is list the atoms that are involved
on each side of the arrow

Mg + O2  MgO
Mg Mg
O O
Then start balancing:

[1] Just count up the atoms on each side

Mg + O2  MgO
1 Mg 1
2 O 1
[2] The numbers aren’t balanced so then add “BIG”
numbers to make up for any shortages
Mg + O2  2 MgO
1 Mg 1 2
2 O 1 2
And adjust totals

But the numbers still aren’t equal, so add

another “BIG” number

2 Mg + O2  2 MgO
2 1 Mg 2
O 2
2
And adjust totals again

NOW BOTH SIDES HAVE EQUAL

NUMBERS OF ATOMS

WE SAY THAT THE

EQUATION IS BALANCED!!
Try to balance these equations using the same
method:

[1] Na + Cl2  NaCl

[2] CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

[3] Li + HNO3  LiNO3 + H2

[4] Al + O2  Al2O3

How did you get on??

Here are the answers:

[1] 2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl

[2] CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

[3] 2 Li + 2 HNO3  2 LiNO3 + H2

[4] 4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3

HOPE YOU’VE GOT THE IDEA…

REMEMBER TO CHECK THAT
YOU CAN DO ELECTROLYSIS
EQUATIONS TOO
Example

 NH3 + O2 NO + H2O
Reactants Products

 N appears once on both sides in equal

numbers, so the coefficient for NH3 is the
same as for NO.

Example: NH3 + O2 NO + H2O

 Next look at H which appears only once on

each side but has different numbers of
atoms, 3 on the left and 2 on the right. The
least common multiple of 3 and 2 is 6, so
rewrite the equation to get 6 atoms of H on
both sides:
 2NH3 + O2 NO + 3H2O
Now count the atoms on each side:

 2NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

 Write them out keeping them on the
appropriate side of the chemical equation
 2 N (nitrogen atoms) 4 N (nitrogen atoms)
 6 H (hydrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms)
 10 O (oxygen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms)
 This shows the equation not to be balanced
“YET”

Check the number again:

 If you double the N and H on the left the

equation will be balanced:

 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O