General Biology 2

Anatomy and
Physiology
Rheymar T. Morales
 Anatomy
► It refers to the scientific study of the body’s structures.
► It has a Greek root which means “to cut apart”.

► It is divided into two areas:

 Gross Anatomy
 Microscopic Anatomy
Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy
 Physiology
►It refers to the study of the functions
and relationships of body parts.
How many Body Systems do
you think we have?

11 Body Systems
Skeletal System
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?

5. Storage: Bones store

minerals, such as
calcium and phosphorus,
for use by the body
 ► Axial Skeleton: The
What are the Two
Major Skeletal System axial skeleton includes
the skull, spine, ribs
Parts? and sternum.

► Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
What are the Basic Bone Shapes?
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
What is the Structure
of Bone? ► Typical Four Layers:
 Periosteum: Covers
Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the
compact bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between
the spongy bone
What is the  In the spaces of many
Structure of bones there is a soft
connective tissue
Bone? called marrow.
 Two types of Marrow:
►Red
►Yellow
 Red Marrow
produces most
of the body’s
blood cells.
 Yellow Marrow
stores fat that
can serve as an
energy reserve.
How Strong are  The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
 Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus
How Do Bones Develop?
How Do Bones Develop?
How Do Broken Bones Heal?
Buti pa yung bone naghi-heal ng kusa. Oops !!!
 Parts of the Skeletal System

• Bones

• Joints

• Cartilages

• Ligaments and Tendons

The Bones
Smallest and lightest bone
Largest, Longest and Strongest Bone
Skull
► It supports the face and protects the brain.
► 2 Parts: Cranial Vault and Facial Bones
► Adults Only: 22 bones in the skull
Vertebral Column
► The major function of the vertebral
column is protection of the spinal
cord and stiffening the body.
Bony Thorax

►Forms a cage to
protect major organs
The Appendicular
Skeleton

► Has 3 Major Parts

► Limbs
► Pectoral Girdle
► Pelvic Girdle
Pectoral Girdle
(Shoulder)

► Provide the points of attachment

of the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton.
Pelvis Girdle
It supports the total
►
weight of the upper body.
Limbs
(Appendages)
► To grab objects and provide locomotion.
►Upper Limb
►Lower Limb
Upper Limb
► It contains 30 bones
►Has 3 regions
► Arm
► Forearm
► Wrist-Hand
Lower Limb
► It consists of Thigh, Leg
and Foot.
 • A joint is a place
What are
where two bones
Joints? come together.

• Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.

• Two types of joints:

• Immovable
• Movable
 What are
Immovable
Joints?

• A joint that
allows little or
no movement
 What are • Allow the body to move
Movable Joints? in a wide range of
movements.
• Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable
joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
 ► Movement in one
Hinge Joint
direction like a door.
 Ex. Knee and Elbow
► Allows forward or
backward motion.
Ball-and-Socket
► Round end of bone
Joint fitting snuggly within
another bone.
 Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
► Allows the greatest
range of motion.
 The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.
 ► Bone resting atop
another bone permitting
What is a Pivot free movement.
Joint?  Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
► Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
 Allows you to turn your
head
Gliding Joint

► Allows one bone to

slide over another.
 Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
► Allows your to bend
and flex as well as
make limited side to
side motions.
 ►Connects bone to
What is a bone.
Ligament?
What is a
Tendon?
►Attaches
muscles to
bones.