The skeletal system

3
The skeletal system- अस्थि पंजर 4

 The skeletal system is the organ system that provides an internal

framework for the human body.

In adults, the skeletal system includes 206 bones.

 Bones are organs made of supportive connective tissues, mainly the
protein collagen.
 Bones contain blood vessels, nerves, and other tissues, and they are
hard and rigid, due to deposits of calcium hence they re living.
Support, Shape, and Protection 5

 the skull encloses and protects the soft tissues of the brain
 the vertebral column protects the nervous tissues of the spinal cord.
 The vertebral column, ribcage, and sternum (breast bone) protect
the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
Movement 6

 The bones of the skeleton provide attachment surfaces for skeletal

muscles. When the muscles contract, they pull on and move the
bones
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 Besides bones, the skeletal system includes cartilage and ligaments.

 Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue, made of tough

protein fibres. It is strong, but flexible and very smooth.
It covers the ends of bones at joints, providing a smooth surface for
bones to move over.

 Ligaments are bands of dense fibrous connective tissue that hold

bones together. They keep the bones of the skeleton in place.
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons 8
The skeleton is divided into two major parts:
The axial skeleton- अक्षीय कंकाल 9

 The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body. It includes the skull,
vertebral column (spine and rib cage)

 SKULL- consists of two min parts cranium and face

 Cranium(brain box)- 8 bones provide protection to the brain
 Face- 14 bones which form skeleton of face

 6 ear ossicles are also present in the skull

 another bone is hyoid (horse shoe shaped) present in the neck
between lower jaw and sound box. It supports tongue
ear ossicles 10

 The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three bones in either
middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body.
They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled(cochlea).

 the stapes is the third &

the smallest bone
 11

 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Lies in the mid dorsal line of neck & trunk
 33 vertebrae
 Divided into 5 groups- cervical, thoracic,
scrum, coccyx.
 12

 RIBS-
 12 pairs of bony bars from the side of chest
cage
 Protect the delicate organs –heart , lungs, etc
 Provide surface of attachment of muscles
concerned with repiratory mechanism
True ribs :1-7
False ribs : 8-12
 13

 STERNUM (Brest bone)

 It is narrow, elongated and flattened structure
 Present under the skin in the middle
of front of chest
Appendicular Skeleton- परिशिष्ट 14

कंकाल
 Total – 126 bones
 This skeleton lies laterally and attached to
the axial skeleton at an angle

It is made up of pectoral , pelvic girdles

& limb bones.
 15

 PECTORAL GIRDLE- पेक्टोरल करधनी

 Also known as shoulder girdle.
 Has 4 bones ( 2 in each shoulder)
 Scapula & clavicle
 16

 FORE LIMBS-अग्रपाद
 Consist of 60 bones
 humerus(2)- upper arm
 Radius (2) – forearm
 Ulna (2) –forearm
 Carpals (8*2= 16) –Wrist
 Metcarpals(5*2= 10) – Palm
 Phalanges (14*2 = 28) Finger
 17

 HIND LIMBS- पश्च पाद

 Consist of 60 bones
 The bones of the hind limb are
 femur(2) - (thigh bone – the longest bone)
 Patella (2) - knee
 tibia (2) and fibula (2)- The thinnest bone
 tarsals (7*2=14)- ankle bones
 metatarsals (5*2=10)- sole
 phalanges (14*2=28)- toes
 18

 PELVIC GIRDLE-श्रोणि करधनी

 is made up of hip bones
What Are Joints? 19

 Joints in the human body provide flexibility.

 It absorbs all the forces while walking and running.
 Joints help to hold the skeleton together and because of this, we
are able to move
Types of joints- Structural classification of joints. 20

 Fixed joints, also called immovable joints, are found where bones
are not flexible.
 In such joints, bones have been fused together in such a way that
they are fixed to create a structure.
 example of a fixed joint is the skull, which is made up of a number
of fused bones.
 Other examples include the upper jaw, rib cage, backbone, and
pelvic bone, etc.
 21
Synovial Joints
 The synovial joints are the most common type of joint because this
joint helps us to perform motion such as walking, running, typing and
more.
 Synovial joints are flexible, movable, can slide over one another,
rotatable and so on. These joints are found in our shoulder joint,
neck joint, knee joint, wrist joint, etc.
Functional classification of joints 22

 Functional classification of joints

is based on the type and
degree of movement permitted.

 There are six types

of freely movable joint
Pivotal Joints 23

 In this type of joint, one bone has tapped into the other in such a
way that full rotation is not possible. This joint aid in sideways and
back-forth movement. An example of a pivotal joint in the neck.
Hinge Joints 24

 Hinge joints are like door hinges, where only back and forth
movement is possible. Example of hinge joints is the ankle, elbows,
and knee joints.
Saddle Joints 25

 Saddle joint is the biaxial joint that allows the movement on two
planes–flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. For example,
the thumb is the only bone in the human body having a saddle
joint.
Gliding Joints 26

 It is also known as a plane or planar joint. This joint permit two or

more round or flat bones to move freely together without any
rubbing or crushing of bones
 . This joint is mainly found in those regions where the two bones meet
and glide on one another in any of the directions.
 The lower leg to the ankle joint and the forearm to wrist joint are the
two main examples of gliding joints.
Ball and Socket Joints 27

 Here, one bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone.
This type of joint helps in rotatory movement. An example ball and
socket joint are the shoulders.
 28
1. Skull is made of _____ numbers bones.
 18
 20
 22 ️
 24

 2. An adult human has _______ numbers bones.

 202
 204
 206 ️
 208
3. How many bones are there in head? 29
 6
 7
 8️
 9

4. How many bones are there in face?

 11
 12
 13
 14
 30
5. All the blood cells are manufactured within the ____.
 bone marrow️
 blood vessel
 nerves
 none of these

6. Floating ribs are the ______ pairs of ribs.

 2
 3
 4
 5
7. Which jaw in our face is fixed? 31
 lower jaw
 upper jaw
 both
 none of these

8. How many long curved bones are there to form the rib cage?
 14 pairs
 14 numbers
 12 pairs
 12 numbers
9. The ribcage protects the _______. 32
 hearts
 lungs
 both of the above
 none of the above

10.Backbone consists of ___numbers of small and hollow bones.

 11
 22
 33
 44
11.Backbone consists of some small bones. These are called as ____. 33
 ribs
 vertebrae
 limbs
 None of these

12. Which bone is known as femur?

 thigh
 arm
 backbone
 none of these
13.The longest bone is called as _______. 34
 Carpals (in the hand) and
 tarsals (in the feet)
 femur
 none of these

14.Tarsals is the bone of ___.

 hand
 leg
 feet
 thigh
15______are the storehouse of minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
35
 joints
 bones in skeleton
 blood cells
 none of these

16.Muscles are connected to the bones by ____.

 blood
 fibres
 none of these
17.The strong fibres in the muscles are known as _____. 36
 tendons
 marrow
 limbs
 none of these

18.There are ______ different kinds of muscles in our body.

 450
 550
 650
 750
19.Carpals is the bone of ____. 37
 hand
 leg
 feet
 thigh

20.______are the storehouse of minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

 joints
 bones in skeleton
 blood cells
 none of these