SKELETON

The skeleton is the body part that forms

the supporting structure of an organism.
There are two different skeletal types: the
exoskeleton, which is the stable outer
shell of an organism, and the
endoskeleton, which forms the support
structure inside the body. There are also
two other forms of skeleton referred to,
the hydroskeleton and the cytoskeleton.
 Long bones
 The long bones are those that are longer than they
are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long,
short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones,
especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most
of the load during daily activities and they are
crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily
by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at
each end of the growing bone. The ends of
epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilageThe
longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of
endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate.
Bone growth in length is stimulated by the
production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
 Short bones
 Short bones are designated as those bones that
are as wide as they are long. Their primary
function is to provide support and stability
with little to no movement. They are one of five
types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and
sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the
tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand.
 Irregular bones
 The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar
form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat
bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various
purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous
affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle
attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx
and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the
hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed
within a thin layer of compact bone. Irregular bones can
also be used for joining all parts of the spinal column
together. The spine is the place in the human body where
the most irregular bones can be found. There are, in all, 33
irregular bones found here.tissue
 Flat bones
 Flat bones are bones whose principal function
is either extensive protection or the provision
of broad surfaces for muscular attachment.
These bones are expanded into broad, flat
plates,[1] as in the cranium (skull), the ilium
(pelvis), sternum and the rib cage. The flat
bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal,
lacrimal, vomer, os coxæ (hip bone), sternum,
ribs, and scapulae.[1] In the cranial bones, the
layers of compact tissue are familiarly known
as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick
and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle,
and hence is termed the vitreous table.[1]
 Ribs
 The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the
thorax of all vertebrates except the lamprey. It is
formed by the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
and encloses the heart and lungs. In humans, the
rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony
and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the
thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle
(shoulder girdle), forming a core portion of the
human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists
of 24 ribs, the sternum (with xiphoid process),
costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
Together with the skin and associated fascia and
muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall
and provides attachments for the muscles of the
neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.
Prezentacion by: Adnan Tinjak