Classification of bones on the basis of regions

On the basis of regions, the bones are classified into:

(1) Bones of axial skeleton

(2) Bones of appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton
Skull
Cranium 8
Face 14
Auditory ossicles 6
Hyoid 1
Vertebrae (including sacrum and coccyx) 26
Sternum 1
Ribs 24

Total 80
Appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdles Pelvic girdle
Clavicle 2 hip bone 2
Scapula 2 Lower extremities
Upper extremities Femur 2
humerus 2 Patella 2
radius 2 Fibula 2
Ulna 2 Tibia 2
Carpals 16 Tarsals 14
Metacarpals 10 Metatarsals 10
Phalanges 28 Phalanges 28
Total 126
Classification of bones on the basis of shape
On the basis of shape, the bones are divided into:

Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular

bones, Sesamoid bones, pneumatic bones, accessory bones

and

heterotrophic bones
(1) Long bones
Their length is greater than their breadth.
They are found in the limbs.
They have a tubular shaft (diaphysis), and usually an
expanded epiphysis at each end. Each shaft has three
surfaces separated by three borders.
The shaft has a central marrow cavity containing bone
marrow.
Examples:
Femure, Humerus, Radius, carpels, metacarpels, torsals,
metatarsals and clavicle etc.
(2) Short Bones
Short bones are found in the hand and foot. They are
roughly cuboidal in shape and are composed of cancellous
bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.
Short bones are covered with periosteum, and the
articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.
Examples:
scaphoid, lunate, talus, and calcaneum etc.
(3) Flat Bones
Flat bones resembles shallow plates and form
boundaries of certain body cavities.
They are found in the vault of the skull (e.g., the frontal
and parietal bones). They are composed of thin inner
and outer layers of compact bone, separated by a layer of
cancellous bone,
Examples:
Bones in the vault of the skull, ribs, sternum and
scapula.
(4) Irregular Bones
These bones are irregular in shape.
They are composed of a thin shell of compact bone with
an interior made up of cancellous bone.
Examples:
The bones of the vertebrae and the pelvic bones.
(5) Sesamoid Bones

Sesamoid bones are small bones that are found in certain

tendons where they rub over bony surfaces.
They ossify after birth.
The function of sesamoid bones are to resist pressure, to
minimize friction, to alter the direction of pull of the
muscle and to maintain the local circulation.
The greater part of a sesamoid bone is buried in the
tendon, and the free surface is covered with cartilage. The
largest sesamoid bone is the patella. Other examples are
pisiform and fabella.
(6) Pneumatic Bones
Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by
epithelium. They make the skull light in weight, help
in resonance of voice, and act as air conditioning
chambers for the inspired air.
Examples:
maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc.
(7) Accessory bones
These are not always present.
These may occur as ununited epiphysis developed
from extra centres of ossifications.

Examples:
sutural bones, os trigonum (lateral tubercle of talus), etc.
(8) Heterotrophic bones
These bones sometimes develops in soft tissues.
Horse riders develops these bones in adductor muscles
(rider’s bones)
Developmental Classification of Bones
(1) Membraneous (Dermal) Bones
These types of bones ossify in membranes
(intramembranous ossification).
These bones ossify from mesenchymal condensations in
the intrauterine life.

Examples:
Bones of the skull and facial bones.
(2) Cartilaginous Bones
These types of bones ossify in cartilages (endochondral
ossification) and are thus derived from preformed cartilaginous
models.
Examples: Bones of limbs, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

(3) Membrano-Cartilaginous Bones

These ossify partly in membrane and partly in cartilage.
Examples: clavicle, mandible, occipital, temporal, sphenoid.
Types of Bones Based on Bone structure
All bones are composed of same material. The difference only is
in the pattern of arrangement. This classification is based on
the same thing that is pattern of arrangement of bony tissue. It
has two types of classifications

Macroscopic classification
It has two types,
(1) compact bones (2) spongy bones
(1) compact bones
Compact bone is also called cortical bone.
Shaft of bone in a long bone like femur is typical
example of the compact bone.
Compact bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most
bones. 
It is much denser, harder, stronger and stiffer.
Compact bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a
human skeleton.
Compact bones are arranged for the following functions
To support the whole body weight
Protect organs
Provide levers for movement
Store and release calcium.
(2) Cancellous or Spongy or trabecular bone
These are open in structure.
The part of a bone where bone substance to bone space ratio
is a smaller quantity. This means that there is more empty
space and less bone tissue.
Compared to compact bone, it has a higher surface area
but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff.
It typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to
joints and within the interior of vertebrae.
spongy bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red
bone marrow where production of blood cells occurs.
Microscopic classification
(1) Lamellar bone
The type of bone which are composed of thin plates of
bony tissue (lamellae). Most mature human bones are
lamellar bones.

(2) Fibrous bone

These have more fibers in them. In humans they are
found only in fetus.
Some other less important microscopic bones are
woven bones, seen in fetal life, in fracture repair and in
cancer condition.
Dentine and cement occurs in teeth.