NCM116 BONE ANATOMY
BONE is living tissue that makes up the body's a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of
skeleton.
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
Bone provides shape and support for the body, as
well as protection for some organs.
Bone also serves as a storage site for minerals and
provides the medium—marrow—for the
development and storage of blood cells
1. Compact tissue. The harder, outer tissue of bones.
2. Cancellous tissue. The sponge-like tissue inside
bones.
3. Subchondral tissue. The smooth tissue at the ends
of bones, which is covered with another type of
tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is the specialized,
gristly connective tissue that is present in adults. It is
also the tissue from which most bones develop in
children.
Periosteum tough, thin outer membrane covering
the bones
• There are 206 bones in the human skeleton,
not including teeth and sesamoid bones
(small bones found within cartilage):
• 80 axial bones. This includes the head,
facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and
sternum.
• 126 appendicular bones. This includes arms,
shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles,
and feet.
TYPES OF BONE CELLS
1. Osteoblast. Found within the bone, its function is
to form new bone tissue.
2. Osteoclast. A very large cell formed in bone
marrow, its function is to absorb and remove
unwanted tissue.
3. Osteocyte. Found within the bone, its function is
to help maintain bone as living tissue.
4. Hematopoietic. Found in bone marrow, its
function is to produce red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
TYPES OF BONE CELLS
FLAT BONES protect internal organs such as the
brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Flat bones are
somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, like
attachment for muscles.
flat bones in the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal,
nasal, lacrimal, and vomer)
the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis).
LONG BONES longer than they are wide, include the
femur (the longest bone in the body) as well as
relatively small bones in the fingers. Long bones
function to support the weight of the body and
facilitate movement.
• Long bones are mostly located in the
appendicular skeleton and include bones in
the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur,
metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in
the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna,
metacarpals, and phalanges).
SHORT BONES Located in the wrist and ankle joints,
short bones provide stability and some movement.
Examples of short bones
The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral,
hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and
trapezium)
Tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular,
cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform,
and medial cuneiform)
IRREGULAR BONES vary in shape and structure and
therefore do not fit into any other category (flat,
short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a fairly
complex shape, which helps protect internal organs.
SESAMOID BONES, bones embedded in tendons
These small, round bones are commonly found in
the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid
bones function to protect tendons from stress and
wear. The patella, commonly referred to as the
kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone