ABDOMEN & PELVIS – PAST QUESTIONS (2005-17)

(Compiled by Shahroze Ahmed, N-66, Nishtar Medical University)

Anterior Abdominal Wall

1. Give four differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernia.
2. What are the points a surgeon considers in giving incisions? What is safest site
for abdominal incision? Give reasons.
3. What is incisional hernia?
4. How is spermatic cord formed? Describe its contents and its coverings.
5. What is caput medusa? What is its cause?
6. What structures form the anterior wall, posterior, roof and floor of the
inguinal canal?
7. What are superficial and deep inguinal rings?
8. What structures pass through inguinal canal in females?
9. Give the location and extent of inguinal canal.
10. Enumerate the contents of inguinal canal.
11. Name the hernia entering the inguinal canal at deep inguinal ring. Give its
relation to inferior epigastric artery.
12. Describe the composition of anterior and posterior wall of rectus sheath.

Male External Genital Organs

1. What factors control the temperature of the testes? What is the importance of
testes temperature?
2. Define varicocele.
3. The incidence of left sided varicocele is higher than the right side. Give
anatomical basis of this difference.

Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum

1. Enumerate structures forming the boundaries of lesser sac.
2. Give the nerve supply of abdominal peritoneum.
3. Name the communication of the lesser sac. Also mention the boundaries of
this communication.
4. Name three peritoneal ligaments each which connect liver and stomach to
another organ and to an abdominal wall.
5. Describe the mesentery. Enumerate its contents.
6. Give the nerve supply of visceral peritoneum.
7. Define omentum. Name and give attachments of various omenta of abdominal
cavity.
8. What is epiploic foramen? Give its boundaries.
9. Write a note on lesser omentum.

Abdominal Part of Esophagus and Stomach

1. Give the lymphatic drainage of stomach.
2. What is the cause of esophageal varices?

Small and Large Intestines

1. How can a surgeon distinguish the large intestines from the small intestines
with naked eye?
2. What are arterial arcades?
3. Give the arterial supply of duodenum above the entry of bile duct.
4. Give anatomical relations of 3rd part of duodenum.

Large Blood Vessels of the Gut

1. Enumerate the sites of portocaval anastomoses in various parts of GIT,
mentioning the name of vessels participating in such anastomoses at these
sites and their respective clinical significance.
2. How can portal hypertension be reduced?
3. Write the formation and termination of portal vein. List its tributaries.
4. Briefly describe the course, relations and branches of superior mesenteric
artery.
Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
1. What is hepatopancreatic ampulla? Where does it open?

Spleen, Pancreas and Liver

1. Give the posterior relations and source of arterial blood supply of the head of
pancreas.
2. What is the anatomical cause of jaundice in patients suffering from cancer of
head of pancreas?
3. Name the parts of pancreas.
4. Give anterior and posterior relations of the head of pancreas.
5. Enumerate the arteries which supply the pancreas. Also give the name of
parent vessels from which these arteries are derived.
6. What is hepatopancreatic ampulla? Where does it open?
7. List the structures related to the neck of pancreas.
8. Name the ligaments of liver.

Kidney and Ureter

1. Draw and label diagrams to show the anterior relations of right and left
kidneys.
2. Describe the coverings of kidney which support the retroperitoneal organ in its
position.
3. What is the site of renal transplant and what is the reason for selection of this
site?
4. Enumerate the normal sites of constrictions of ureter.
5. Give blood supply of abdominal part of ureter.
6. Enlist sites of ureteric obstruction by stones.
7. Why is the pain of ureteric obstruction referred to lumbar or inguinal region?

Suprarenal Gland and Chromaffin System

1. What is arterial supply and venous drainage of suprarenal glands?
Posterior Abdominal Wall
1. Mention the location (with reference to psoas major muscle) distribution and
segmental values of nerves lying on the posterior abdominal wall.

Perineum
1. Name the structures piercing the perineal membrane in male and female.
2. Why perineal membrane is weak in female?
3. Define perineal body. Enumerate the muscles converging into it.
4. What is pudendal nerve block? Where the block is given and what are its
benefits?
5. Give the boundaries and contents of the ischioanal fossa.
6. Give the boundaries of deep perineal pouch.
7. Name the contents of deep perineal pouch.
8. Describe the urogenital diaphragm. Also mention its functional importance.

Boundaries and Contents of Pelvis

1. Write the boundaries of pelvic outlet.

Urinary Bladder and Urethra

1. Mention the peritoneal relations of urinary bladder.
2. What are the relations of urinary bladder in female?
3. What is the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage of urinary bladder?

Female Reproductive Organs

1. Describe the peritoneal reflections of uterus.
2. While performing hysterectomy, what important structure lying next to the
uterus is to be saved?
3. Give the anatomy of various structures supporting the uterus.
4. What is meant by anteversion and anteflexion of uterus?
5. Give lymphatic drainage of uterine cervix.
Male Reproductive Organs
1. How can enlargements of prostate be examined clinically?
2. Enumerate the lobes of prostate.
3. Give various routes of metastasis in malignancy of prostate.

Rectum and Anal Canal

1. Give a brief account of peritoneal reflections on rectum.
2. What are the peritoneal relations of the rectum?
3. What are posterior relations of the rectum?
4. Give brief account for the venous drainage of the rectum.
5. Give the embryological origin, arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve
supply of anal canal above and below the pectinate line.
6. Give reason for internal hemorrhoids being painless.

Walls of Pelvis
1. Give the course and relations of the internal iliac artery.
2. Explain the location, afferents and efferents of major groups of lymph nodes of
pelvis.