SKELETAL AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

Humans—and other complex multicellular organisms—have systems of organs that work

together, carrying out processes that keep us alive.
The body has levels of organization that build on each other. Cells make up tissues, tissues make
up organs, and organs make up organ systems.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JD2DBeUoUG8
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The framework of bones that gives shape
support and strength to the body is called
skeletal system.
• An adult human skeleton has 206 bones of
Different shapes and sizes.
• How many bones does a baby have at the time
of birth?
From outside bones are hard and tough
but inside they are soft and spongy.

• What is inside the bone?

The inside of bones contains a jelly-like
material known as bone marrow.
• Have you ever heard about bone marrow
transplant ?
A bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure
performed to replace bone marrow that has been
damaged or destroyed by disease, infection,
or chemotherapy.
Why not an adult human can donate bone
marrow? Observe the video to get an answer.
HUMAN SKULL
• The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the
structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain.
• The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight
cranial bones (flat bones) and fourteen facial skeleton bones (the face and jaw
bones). 
Human Skull X-ray Image: Identify it’s major parts
such as brain box, position for eyes, ears and nose,
upper and lower jaw.
 BACKBONE
• Our backbone is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae.
The vertebrae join together to form a strong column called the spine or vertebral
column.
• The vertebral column houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects
the spinal cord.
• In a human's vertebral column, there are normally thirty-three vertebrae; the upper
twenty-four are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs,
(which allow slight movements in between the vertebrae).
• The lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx,
or tailbone.
• The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. There
are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae.
RIBCAGE
• The rib cage is the arrangement of thin, flat and curved bones called ribs attached
to the vertebral column and sternum in the Chest that encloses and protects the 
heart and lungs.

• A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs which are attached to the
vertebral column and the sternum.

• Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum.

• Ribs that attach directly with the sternum are called true ribs, whereas those that
do not attach directly are termed false ribs. The false ribs include the floating
ribs (eleven and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all.
X-ray of Chest
LIMBS
• Human Skeleton has two pairs of limbs- forelimbs or arms and hindlimbs or legs.
• The upper limbs (arms) are attached to the shoulder or pectoral girdle.
• The lower limbs (legs) are attached to the hip girdle.
Bones of leg (hindlimb):
Bones of arm (forelimb):
The hands and feet contain over half of the body's bones.

Coming out on top are your hands and feet.

Each hand has 27 bones, and each foot has 26, which
means that together the body's two hands and
two feet have 106 bones. That is,
the hands and feet contain more than half of the bones in
your entire body.
Arm and leg bones-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an5RzqtXS7E
Revision human bones-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiBzCpg6vu8
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The skeletal system has many functions. Besides giving us our human shape and
features, it:
• Allows movement: Your skeleton supports your body weight to help you stand
and move. Joints, connective tissue and muscles work together to make your body
parts mobile.
• Produces blood cells: Bones contain bone marrow. Red and white blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow.
• Protects and supports organs: Your skull shields your brain, your ribs protect
your heart and lungs, and your backbone protects your spine.
• Stores minerals: Bones hold your body’s supply of minerals like calcium and
vitamin D.
 JOINTS
The place where two bones meet is called a joint.
• Joints provide the means for movement. The type and characteristics of a given
joint determine its degree and type of movement. Joints can be classified based on
structure and function.
• The joints help us to rotate our shoulder, bend our knees and elbows, swivel our
neck and more. By definition, a joint is a point where two bones meet to provide a
framework that permits movement.
• Bones are attached to one another by tissues called ligaments.
• Muscles are attached to bones through tendons.
• Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that keeps joint motion fluid by coating
the surfaces of the bones in our joints and by cushioning bones against impact.
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
Here, one bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone. This type of joint
helps in rotatory movement. An example ball and socket joint are the shoulders.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qu2GTYyv6m4
HINGE JOINT
• Hinge joints are like door hinges, where only back and forth movement is
possible. Example of hinge joints is the ankle, elbows, and knee joints.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBGu1U5YzSM
PIVOT JOINT
• In this type of joint, one bone has tapped into the other in such a way that full
rotation is not possible. This joint aid in sideways and back-forth movement. An
example of a pivotal joint in the neck.
GLIDING JOINT
• It is also known as a plane or planar joint. This joint permit two or more round or
flat bones to move freely together without any rubbing or crushing of bones. This
joint is mainly found in those regions where the two bones meet and glide on one
another in any of the directions. The lower leg to the ankle joint and the forearm to
wrist joint are the two main examples of gliding joints.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-UPeh-D-38
MUSCLES

• The human body has more than 650 muscles. They do everything from pumping
blood throughout the body to helping us lift something heavy.

• Muscles are all made of the same material, a type of elastic tissue (sort of like the
material in a rubber band). Thousands, or even tens of thousands, of small fibers
make up each muscle.

• Muscles make 40% weight of our body. So if your body weight is 30 KG what will
be your muscle weight?
Muscles work by pulling the bone. For example-
There are two different muscles called biceps and
triceps responsible to move our arm up and down.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94Q-
fvCAJzQ

OPEN DISCUSSION:

THE WAYS TO MAKE YOUR MUSCLES

STRONG AND WELL DEVELOPED.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized
cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of
the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.
• It controls all other body systems and sense organs.
•  In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system
 (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of
the brain and spinal cord.
 BRAIN
• The brain is like a master computer and controls all the activities of our
body.
• Its greyish-pink in colour and looks like a walnut.
• The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissue called the meninges. The skull
(cranium) helps protect the brain from injury.
• The cerebrospinal fluid present between the meninges also protects brain
from shocks and jerks.
Parts of Brain:
Some interesting facts about the brain-

• The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body.
• It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of
connections called synapses.
• The world's fastest supercomputer requires 24 million Watts of power to operate,
but our brains only require 20 Watts and operate about 100,000 times faster.
• Human brains receive 20% of the total oxygen from our bodies even though they
only represent 2% of our bodies' weight.
• Yawning is actually a reaction that sends more oxygen to your brain. Reptiles,
birds, and mammals all yawn and it's controlled by neurotransmitters in the brain.
• The human brain continues to develop until your late 40s. It is the only organ in
the body that develops for this long of a time – and it sees more changes than any
other organ as well.
SPINAL CORD
• It is thick bundle of nerves that connects brain to all
body parts. It is protected by vertebral column.
• The spinal cord is an extension of the central nervous
system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal
cord. The spinal cord begins at the bottom of the brain
stem (at the area called the medulla oblongata)
and ends in the lower back.
• Spinal Cord is important because without a spinal
cord your brain and your body couldn't communicate
with each other. The spinal cord is the pathway for
impulses from the body to the brain, and from the
brain to the body. These impulses are different signals
our brain sends and receives from our body parts.
NERVES
• The nervous system is the part of an animal that
coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and
from different parts of its body.[7] In vertebrates it
consists of two main parts, the central nervous system
 (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The
CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
• The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are
enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that
connect the CNS to every other part of the body.
NERVES ARE MADE UP OF SPECIAL CELLS
CALLED NEURONS OR NERVE CELLS.
 Our body has a network of nerves
to carry messages from the brain
to other parts of the body. Nerves
are of following three types.
• Nerves that transmit signals from
the brain are called motor or 
efferent nerves, while those
nerves that transmit information
from the body to the CNS are
called sensory or afferent. 
Spinal nerves serve both functions
and are called mixed nerves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O-0CVAgaEM
REFLEX ACTION
• A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous
movement in response to a stimulus. A reflex is made possible by 
neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before
that impulse reaches the brain. The reflex is then an automatic
response to a stimulus.

• These types of actions are not controlled by the brain. They are
controlled by the spinal cord.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3YYI8lhbp8
SENSE ORGANS
• The sense organs are the body organs by which humans are able to
see, smell, hear, taste, and touch or feel. The five sense organs are the
eyes (for seeing), nose (for smelling), ears (for hearing), tongue (for
tasting), and skin (for touching or feeling).
• The skin, the largest sense organ of the body, is the interface between
the organism and its environment.
• These five sense organs contain receptors that relay information
through the sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the 
nervous system.
EYES-Sight or
Ophthalmoception
These are the visual sensory organs in
our body. These are sensitive to light
images. The eyes vary in colour
depending upon the amount of
melanin present in our body. It helps
in the sense of sight by detecting and
focussing on the light images.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=gvozcv8pS3c
NOSE-Smell or Olfalcoception
The nose is an olfactory organ. Our olfactory system helps us to perceive different smells.
This sense of organ also aids our sense of taste. The sense of smell is also known as olfaction.
EARS- Hearing or Audioception
Ears are the auditory sense organs of our body. They help us to perceive sounds. Our auditory system
detects vibrations in the air and this is how we hear sounds. This is known as hearing or audio caption.
Quiz
• Which part(s) of the ear are found in the middle ear?
• Which part is this?

• Name the section of the ear where the eardrum is located.

TONGUE-Taste or
Gustaoception
The tongue helps in perceiving
various tastes and flavours. The
taste buds are present between the
papillae on the tongue—these
help in sensing different tastes.

The senses of smell and taste tend

to work together. If one could not
smell something, they could not
taste it either. The sense of taste is
also known as gustaoception.
SKIN-Touch
or Tactioception
Skin is the largest organ of our
body. It is related to the sense
of touch. The sense of touch is
also referred to as
tactioception.

The skin contains general

receptors which can detect
touch, pain, pressure and
temperature. They are present
throughout the skin.
Care of sense organs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh1PG7adEeA