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m Accounts for 8% of TBW

m 5L in females, 5.5L in males
m Cellular components:
1- x
 : 99% of cells, hematocrit
(packed cell volume) is 42% in
females & 45% in males.
2- 


 : ~1% of total
blood volume
 ] 
m 90% of plasma is water
m Serves as a medium for materials & also
absorbs and distributes much of the heat
from and to tissues.
m Organic & inorganic substances are
dissolved in plasma
m Contents: ( % of plasma weight) :
1- proteins 6-
6-8%
2- waste, gases , hormones 1- 1-3%
3- electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3) 1%
 ] 

 




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a

m a
 
 


1- establish an osmotic gradient (colloid)
2- pH buffering
3- bind cholesterol, iron, and thyroid
hormone
4- blood clotting factors
5- inactivate precursor molecules
(angiotensenogen for example)
6- Į-globulins, immunoglobulins, antibodies
 - 
 
Õ
m 5 million/ NjL or cubic mm
m Main function: oxygen transporter
m Flat, disc-
disc-shaped, indented in the middle
(doughnut), biconcave discs
m Shape benefits:
1- Biconcave disc provides large surface
2- thin membrane provides easy transport
m Hemoglobin: consists of globin protein (4
polypeptide chains), and 4 iron containing non-
non-
protein groups (heme)
m Each iron in heme can pick up one molecule of O2
reversibly
]
   ]
  





]
   ]
   a

m O2 is poorly soluble in plasma so 98.5% of O2 is
bound
m Hb is reddish when bound, & bluish when not
m Hb can carry: 1-
1- CO2
2- acidic hydrogen ion portion of
carbonic acid
3- CO
4- nitric-
nitric-oxide (NO) : vasodilator
m 250 million Hb molecules in RBC can carry 1
billion O2 molecules
m 25-30 trillion RBCs live in the blood
25-
for a short time and they must be
replaced at the rate of 2-
2-3million/sec
m No DNA or RNA no protein
synthesis for repair, growth, or
division
m Life span is 120 days membrane
becomes fragile and ruptures
m Most old RBCs die in the spleen
 - 

 
m The erythrocyte factory is the bone marrow
m In children the bone marrow is red, while in
adults the marrow is yellow except for the
sternum, ribs, & the upper ends of long limb
bones in which the bone marrow is red
m Stem cells in bone marrow: 0.1% of total cells
(pluripotent stem cells)
m Erythropoietin controls erythropoiesis:
Decreased O2 concentration kidney stimulation
erythropoietin secretion bone marrow
stimulation increased RBCs increased O2
concentration erythropoietin secretion is turned
off
 ]    
Õ
m 250 million/mL 150-
150-350thousand/mm
m Cell fragments shed from
megakaryocytes (large B.M cells)
m Mother stem cell gives RBCs, WBCs, &
megakaryocytes which produces 100
platelets (vesicles)
m Life span is 10 days, then removed by
macrophages
 ¦

m Stopping hemorrhage from small
damaged capillaries, arterioles, and
venules
m Bleeding from a vein or an artery
cannot be stopped by hemostasis but
by a different mechanism:
1-vasospasm
2-platelet plug formation
3-blood coagulation (clotting)
 å

m Constriction of vessel because of
intrinsic response
m Triggered by a paracrine released
from injured endothelium
m Leads to slow blood flow and
endothelial surfaces adherence
because they become sticky
 ]    




m åessel injury exposed collagen platelets
activation platelet plug formation the
plug releases adenosine
diphosphate(ADP) surrounding surface
becomes sticky more platelets adhere
another plug more ADP (POSITIåE
FEEDBACK)

m Increased ADP & other chemicals

stimulates the release of NO &
prostacyclin from adjacent endothelium
aggregation inhibition
 


     


m a
 

1- contracts actin-
actin-myosin complex in
aggregate to strengthen the plug
2-releases vasoconstrictors
3-relases chemicals which enhance
blood coagulation
m The aggregated plug is enough to
stop small tears in capillaries
 ]    
 
 
 
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å 





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å





 




    

-




  

  


a

 



m The ultimate step in clot formation is the
conversion of fibrinogen (large soluble plasma
protein) to fibrin ( insoluble threadlike molecules)
m This reaction is catalyzed by thrombin then fibrin
forms netlike meshwork that traps blood cells
and plugs.
m Thrombin is in plasma as prothrombin which can
be activated by the clotting cascade
m Clotting cascade: 12 plasma clotting factors, once
the 1st factor is activated it will activate th next
factor and so on..
several steps need Ca & platelet factor 3 (PF3)
secreted by the plug
 


m Intrinsic pathway: clotting within damaged blood
vessel or of a blood sample in a test tube
m Extrinsic pathway: a shortcut that only requires 4
steps:
contact with tissue factors external to the blood
trauma of tissue which releases a protein
complex (thromboplastin) which activates factor
X that clots the blood that escaped into the tissue
before the vessel was sealed off

m Both mechanisms operate simultaneously and

takes around 3-
3-6 minutes
a

 
 

m Platelets in plug or clot contract and
shrinks the fibrin meshwork pushing the
edges of the damaged vessel closer and
this retraction squeezes the seum

m å


 aggregated platelets
release chemicals which help promoting
the invasion of fibroblasts (fiber formers)
from connective tissues and a scar is
formed
 
 



m Plasmin (fibrinolytic enzyme) is present in plasma
as plasminogen which is activated by factors like
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from tissues
(lungs) or factor XII, after its activation it breaks
down the fibrin meshwork

m Phagocytic cells remove the dissolved products

m Continuous clotting in vessels by activated fibrin

can be handled by plasmin
 



m Thrombus: an attached clot
m Embolism: a freely floating clot
m Causes:
1-rough surface atherosclerosis
2-imbalance between clotting & anti-
anti-clotting
3-slow blood flow
4-widespread clotting triggered by the release of
tissue thromboplastin because of trauma
 M

 
m Mobile units of the immune defense system
m The immune system: leukocytes and their
derivatives, and also a variety of plasma proteins
m Defeng against invading pathogens (bacteria,
viruses)
m Clean RBCs and tissue debris
m Identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells
(immune surveillance) ±internal defense
mechanism against cancer-
cancer-
m WBCs function by ³seek & attack´ strategy
m Bacteria and viruses are major targets
m  
 

 
   



 

 




::
the nucleus is segmented, and the
cytoplasm contains granules (red in
eosinophils, blue in basophils):
a-neutrophils b-b-eosinophils c-
c-
basophils

0





a-monocytes b-
b-lymphocytes

m All leukocytes are from undifferentiated

pluripotent stem cells in the red B.M which
differentiate into various committed cell
lines
m Xranulocytes and monocytes are only
produced in the bone marrow
m Lymphocytes originally are derived from
precursor cells in the bone marrow while
most new lymphocytes are produced in
the lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes) only
m Different hormones direct the
differentiation and proliferation of WBCs
such as the granulocyte-
granulocyte-colony stimulating
factor Õ

m WBC count averages 7000/mm and 2/3

of which are granulocytes
 M

 


m  

a- as a phagocytic scavenger to clean up debris
b- release neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)
containing bacteria killing chemicals
c- they increase in acute bacterial infection

m 0 

a- they increase in allergic reactions (asthma,
hay fever) and also in parasitic infections
(worms)
b- secrete substances that kill worms (parasites)
m Õ 
a- synthesize histamine & heparin
b- life span : 1 day in blood & 3
3--4 days in tissues

m  


a- professional phagocytes
b- released from B.M to blood for 1
1--2 days then
to the tissue they become large and mature
macrophages that lives for months or years
m 6  

a- provide immune defense against
targets for which they are specifically
programmed
b- 
 produce antibodies to bind and
kill invaders
c- 
 directly destroy invaders by
releasing chemicals through punching
holes in targeted cells (body cells invaded
by viruses or cancer)
d- life span is 100
100--300 days but they
spend only few hours in the blood