THE OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER,

STUDENT ASSOCIATION GOVERNMENT,

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, NNEWI CAMPUS

 BIOCHEMISTRY(BCH 201 & 202) HISTOLOGY

 PHYSIOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY
 ANATOMY

COMPILED BY
Fii Tornubari Samuel,
PRO, CHS-SAG 2014/2015
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 THIS E-BOOK IS DEDICATED TO ALL 200 LEVEL STUDENTS OF
THE FACULTIES OF MEDICINE, HEALTH SCIENCE AND BASIC
MEDICAL SCIENCES.

YOU MEAN SO MUCH TO ME.

STAY FOCUSED ON YOUR DREAMS

STUDY TO SHOW YOURSELF APPROVED
GOD WILL CROWN YOUR EFFORTS WITH SUCCESS
-FII TORNUBARI SAMUEL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to god for his goodness to me and students of this college. I also
acknowledge the support of the members of the League of Entrepreneurs, a
group of students dedicated to making life easy for their fellow students.

The contributions of mr. Ashebi Young of the Department of Human Anatomy

is also worthy of note. I wish to thank Keje Kenechukwu and Izuchukwu
Christopher (National President of National Association of Physiotherapy
students) for compiling the physiology practical part of this Ebook.

I appreciate the support of the Executives of the College of Health Science

Student Association Government especially the General Secretary, Akudike
Chijioke Jesse who helped in the typesetting of parts of this book, the Assistant
General Secretary, Mcpherson Azubuike who together with Ogbodo
Emmanuel(Director of Transport) supported this compilation.

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 CHS, NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY,

BIOCHEMISTRY PAST QUESTIONS FOR 200LEVEL STUDENTS

1 Discuss the structure of gangliosides. (2008,2011)

2 Write short note on the following;

a. Tay-sach’s disease

b. Fabry’s disease

c. Prostaglandin

3 What are the importances of LDH group of isoenzymes in clinical diagnoses? (MBBS)

4 Write short notes on Eicosanoid. (2010,2011,2013)

5 Write short notes on the following

a. Atherosclerosis

b. Neutral glycosphingolipids (c) Differentiate between a named phosphoglyceride and sphingomyelins (MBBS)

6 Outline the difference between TAGs and phospholipids(2009,2012)

7 Classify steroid hormones and indicate their sites of synthesis and functions…(2009,2010,2013)

8 Write short note on prostaglandins(2009,2010,2013)

9 Write briefly on the following;

a. Chylomicrons

b. Low density lipoproteins

c. Methyl malonyl CoA Isomerase…(2009,2012,MBBS)

10 What do you understand by the terms:

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 a. Rancidity, Micelles, Emulsions, Lipid Bilayer, Saponification

b. Describe a typical biological membrane (MBBS)

11 Define and classify lipids. (2012)

12 Write briefly on any two reactions of unsaturated fatty acids.2008, 2013, MBBS)

1 What are the structural differences between the underlisted sets of Carbohydrate

a. Maltose and Cellulose

b. Amylase and amylopectin

c. Pectic acid and hyaluronic acid. (MBBS)

2 Classify Carbohydrate into 3 broad classes and further sub-classify (if possible) giving appropriate
examples.(MBBS)

3 Give 5 properties/reactions of Monosaccharides, citing appropriate examples.(2009 & MBBS)

4 Classify the following carbohydrate and Carbohydrate derivatives into the following classes:

Glucose, Arabinose, Raffinose, Hyaluranic acid, Sucrose, Inulin, Starch, Isomaltose, cellobiose, Chondroitin, N-
acetyl muramic acid and glucosamide.(MBBS)

5 Briefly classify Carbohydrate, giving appropriate examples of each

class.(2009, 2011, MBBS)

6 What do you understand by isomerisation of sugars? (MBBS)

7 Explain 5 chemical reactions of Monosaccharide. (2009, 2010, 2011)

1 List 5 important functions of nucleotides and give examples (one each) of purines and pyrimidine nucleotide and
draw the complete structure of the named example.2008, 2009,2010,MBBS 2 With the aid of sketches only, trace
the origin of atoms in purine ring. (2010 & MBBS)

3 Outline the Important functions of nucleotides (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, MBBS)

4 List the differences between DNA and RNA (2009, 2010, 2012)

5 Write briefly on the types of RNA (2011 & MBBS)

6 What are the functions of nucleic acid (2012, MBBS)

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 7 Structurally classify the nitrogenous bases present in a named nucleic acid (MBBS)

8 Classify nucleotide bases with diagrams. (2011 & MBBS)

9 Draw a named nucleotide and identify the principal parts. (MBBS)

10 Name the nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids and group them according to their structure. (2009 & MBBS)

11 Which of the bases is found only in RNA and what does it substitute? (MBBS)

12 Name the 3 types of RNA and briefly explain their functions. (2010, 2011)

1. Illustrate in a sketch, salting out and salting in of proteins. (2009, 2011, MBBS)

2. Briefly explain how Disulphide and Hydrogen bonds stabilize proteins structure (MBBS)

3. Explain two (2) chemical reactions used in detecting, measuring and identifying amino acid (MBBS)

4. What forces and factors influence protein stability?(2010)

5. Biochemically explain the reaction of Ninhydrin with an amino acid (2008, MBBS)

6. Briefly explain the interest of peptide in endocrinology, citing the role of encephalon (MBBS)

7. With one named appropriate reagent, distinguish the 3types of aliphatic amines. (MBBS)

8. Biochemically explain the titration of a named amino acid (2010, 2012, MBBS)

9. Define peptide and very briefly explain how they are formed especially Ala-val dipeptide (2008)

10. Use bond sketches to explain Hydrogen and peptide bonds in protein structure. (2012 & MBBS)

11. Using structural equations, explain 2 chemical agents used in detecting and estimating amino acids in small
quantities. (MBBS)

12. Briefly explain the interest of peptides in endocrinology citing the note of Enkephalins (MBBS)

13 Briefly explain isoelectric precipitation in proteins and protein Mixture. (2011, MBBS)

FIRST SEMESTER 2013/2014 SESSION EXAMINATION ON CHEMISTRY OF

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (BIO 202)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS TIME: 2HOURS

1. Explain the biochemical functions of phospholipids and sphingolipids.

2. Outline the functions of nucleotides.
3. Using suitable biochemical structures, describe the oxidation of two common reducing sugars using
various oxidizing agents.
4. Use the amino acids listed below to answer the questions that follows: tryptophan, proline,
phenylalanine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, serine, threonine, lysine and arginine. Which of these
amino acids:

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 I. Contain(s) a secondary amino group.
II. Has a phenyl ring attached to a methylene group.
III. Contain(s) an indole ring.
IV. Are highly hydrophobic.
V. Contain(s) sulphur atom in the side chains.
VI. Is a hydroxylated version of alanine
VII. Is a hydroxylated version of valine.
VIII. Are positively charged at neutral Ph.

NOBLE FUTURE NURSES, 200L 2014/2015

1. Write short notes on the following:

a. Substitution reaction of aromatics citing appropriate examples

b. Inductive effect.

c. Mesomeric effect.

d. Resonance.

e. Optical Isomerism.

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 f. Substitution reaction of aliphatics (2009 & MBBS)

2. What do you understand by the term SN1 and SN2 and give four (4) differences between them.(2009,2011)

3. Classify alcohols, giving appropriate examples and explain briefly their oxidation (MBBS)

4. What do understand by the Markovnikoff’s rule for addition reaction? When does addition reaction disobey
this rule? (2008)

5. Explain each of the following giving appropriate examples on structures where necessary; note not more than 5
lines

a. Optical activity

b. Enantioners

c. Epimers.

d. Mutarotation

e. Aglycan

f. Racenase

g. Aldonic acid

h. Amylopectin

i. Dextrorotatory

j. Glycosidic band

k. Mucopeptide

l. Anomeric carbon

m. O,a-D-glucopyranosyl (1-4) B-D glucopyranose (MBBS)

6. Give4 reasons why carbon forms many compounds. (2008, 2011)

7a. Write briefly on addition reaction with illustration.

b. Briefly explain the term mutarotation. (2009,2010)

1. Describe the hierarchy of molecular cell organization. (2009)

2. What are:

a. Lysosome

b. Peroxisome. (2009, 2010, MBBS).

3. (a) Name four characteristics of type of cell

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 (b) Write briefly but concisely on any two cell organelles present in either of them (MBBS)

4. Explain the functions of 5 named cell organelles (2008, 2009,2011)

5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.(2009,2010)

6. Outline the importance of membrane. (2011)

7. Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins. (2010,MBBS)

1. Define buffers; write short equation that shows that metabolism (identity) constituting the buffer mixture
(MBBS)

2. Using equilibrium reactions, explain the bicarbonate buffer system of the blood (2009,2010,MBBS)

3. Derive only pH = pKa + Log(A-)/(HA)…..(2010,MBBS)

4 Use the concentration of H20 in pure water to determine the H+ concentration in mole per litre at 25oc (MBBS)

5 Given the Equilibrium A+B . C+D, derive the dissociation constant K from Velocity of the forward and reverse
reactions. (MBBS)

6 Explain the bicarbonate buffer system of blood.(2009,2010,2012,2013,MBBS)

7 Explain a named system in the body that involves three reversible equilibrium between gaseous carbon dioxide
in the lungs and bicarbonate ion (HCO-3) in the blood. (MBBS)

8 Draw only a sketch that explains the 3 reversible equilibrium between gaseous CO2(in lungs) and bicarbonate
buffer system of the blood. (MBBS)

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 RADIOGRAPHY 200L 2014/2015: RADIATING RADIOGRAPHERS

1 Using a table, differentiate the 3 types of reversible enzyme inhibition under the following headings (i) Type (ii)
Effect of Vmax

(iii)Effect of Km …(2008,MBBS)

2 Write a simple double reciprocal plot of Co-enzyme-substance reaction, illustrate the three reversible enzyme
inhibitions & Sketch the following curves for an enzyme obeying Michealis- menten kinetics and label clearly

a. V vs [S]

b. V vs [E]

c. V vs pH

d. V vs Temperature

e. 1/V vs 1/[S] for an enzyme that shows competitive inhibition.(MBBS)

3. Give the 6 classes of enzymes with appropriate examples.(2011)

4. What are allosteric enzymes and of what importance are they in metabolism? (2009,2012)

5. Briefly describe reversible enzyme inhibition. (2008,2011)

6. With a simple graph, show the effects of competitive, uncompetitive, non-competitive inhibition on an enzyme

catalyzed reaction. (2010, MBBS)

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 7. With a suitable example show the importance of iso-enzyme in

chemical diagnoses (MBBS)

8. enzyme catalysis and tabulate only the effect of each on Vmax,

Km, and slope……MBBS

9. Describe the type of reaction catalysed by: (i) Mutase (ii) An

Isomerase (iii) an epimerase (iv) a kinase (v) A phosphate (vi) A

Lactonase (vii) A pyrophosphorylase……….MBBS

10. In a tabular form, show the 6-classes of enzymes and indicate the following; classes, name of class, mode of
action, examples of enzyme.(2009,2012 & MBBS)

11. In a simple graph, show the 3 types of reversible enzyme inhibition.2007,2009&MBBS

12. Briefly explain the 3 types of multi-substrate enzyme reaction. MBBS

POWERED BY THE LEAGUE OF ENTREPRENEURS’ UNIZIK

1. Define exergonic and endergonic reactions and how they are related.(2008,MBBS)

2. List the major sources of high energy phosphate in energy conservation or energy capture.(2009)

3. Briefly describe the electron transport chain(2010 & MBBS)

4. Write short notes on each of the following:

a. Free energy

b. Enthalpy

c. Entropy

d. Laws of thermodynamics(2010,2012)

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 5 List the 2 laws of thermodynamics(2009,2010,2011)

1ST SEMESTER 2013/2014 SESSION EXAMINATION ON

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY(BCH 201)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS TIME: 2HOURS

1. Write short notes on:

A. (i) SP2 Hybridization (ii) aliphatic substitution reaction.
B. Tabulate five ditterences between SN1 and SN2 substitution reactions.
2. Explain the concept of compartmentalization of cells.
3. Explain the role of ATP in coupled reactions.
4. Write short notes on the following terms: (i) Coenzyme (ii) cofactors (iii) active sites of an enzyme (iv)
zymogen (v) Vmax

AN INITIATIVE OF THE LEAGUE OF ENTREPRENEURS

ANATOMY 200L 2014/2015

OUTSTANDING ANATOMIST OF THE FUTURE

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 FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES,

NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

ANATOMY PAST QUESTIONS FOR 200 LEVEL STUDENTS

HISTOLOGY

1. Discuss the histology of the cardiac muscle….10mks (2009,2013)

2. Write short notes on: (a) Compact bone (b) spongy bone….20mks (2009,2011,MBBS)

3. Write short notes on: (a) Hyaline cartilage (b) Elastic cartilage…..20mks (2008,2010,MBBS)

4. Write short note on the histology of the blood….20mks (2012,MBBS)

5. Discuss the classification of epithelia tissue with examples….20mks (2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,MBBS)

6. Discuss the histology of the cartilage…..20mks (2008,2009,2011,2013,MBBS)

7. Describe the functional modifications of cell……20mks (2011,MBBS)

8. Write short notes on the histology of nervous tissue……20mks (2011,2012,MBBS)

9. Write a short note on dense connective tissue…..10mks (2008,2011,2013,MBBS)

10. Discuss the histology of connective tissues under the following headings: (a) Loose connective tissue (b)
Adipose connective tissue…..20mks (2009,2012,2013)

ANA 212(GENERAL HISTOLOGY) APRIL 2014

TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS 30MINUTES
Each Section must be in a separate Booklet.

SECTION A: ATTEMPT ANY TWO QUESTIONS

1. Give a detailed classification of epithelial tissue with examples of location in the body (20 Marks)
2. Discuss cartilage tissue (20marks)
3. Discuss the modifications of the cell wall. (20marks)

SECTION B: ANSWER QUESTION 4 AND ANY OTHER QUESTION

4. Write short notes on i. Hyaline. ii. Fibrocartilage (10marks)

5. Discuss the different classifications of the nerve cell (20marks)
6. Write short notes on i. Granulocytes ii. Skeletal muscle. (20marks)

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 MED LAB SCI 200L: DILIGENT SCIENTISTS OF THE FUTURE

1. Describe the process of Oogenesis….10mks (2008)

2. Outline the derivative of the following germ layers: (a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm (c) Endoderm….20mks (MBBS)

3. Describe the Human Menstrual and Ovarian cycle…..20mks (2010,2011,MBBS)

4. Outline the features of embryonic period of fetal development….20mks (2009,2012)

5. Describe in detail the process of spermatogenesis….20mks (2008,2009,2010,2011,2013,MBBS)

6. Describe in detail the process of placental formation and its functions…..20mks (2010,2012,MBBS)

7. Write on the concept of congenital malformations….20mks (2010,2011,MBBS)

8. Describe the process involved from fertilization to implantation…..20mks (2008,2010,MBBS)

9. Discuss the trilaminar germ disc….20mks (2011,2013,MBBS)

10. Write short notes on: (a) Formation of trilaminar germ disc (b) Gametogenesis…..20mks (MBBS)

11. Discuss the principle of congenital malformation….10mks (MBBS)

12. What are the differences between embryonic and fetal period…20mks (MBBS)

13. Describe the cyclical changes observed in the uterus…10mks (2010,MBBS)

14. Write short notes on germ layer formation….10mks (MBBS)

15. Discuss four(4) main events of the second week of human development…..10mks (MBBS)

16. Describe the events of second week of development…20mks (2008,2012)

17. Write short notes on: (a) Primitive streak (b) Neurulation….10mks (MBBS)

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 ANA 213 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY MAY 5, 2014-12-18
EACH SECTION SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN A SEPERATE BOOKLET TIME ALLOWED: 2HRS
15MINS

SECTION A: ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS

1. Describe the process of formation of the placenta and add a note on the functions of the placenta. (20
marks)
2. Write an essay on congenital abnormalities. (20 marks)
3. Give a detailed description of male germ cell. (20 marks)

SECTION B: ANSWER QUESTION 4 AND ANY OTHER QUESTION

4. Enumerate the derivatives of the endodermal layer. (10 marks)

5. Give a detailed description of the menstrual cycle. (10 marks)
6. Describe the process from fertilization to implantation. (10 marks)

FIRST VISIT OF THE VC TO OKOFIA

AFTER HE WAS ELECTED AS VC NAU

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENT ASSOCIATION GOVERNMENT

AVAILABLE ON NOTICE BOARDS WEEKLY AND AS AN EMAGAZINE MONTHLY

TO JOIN OUR EDITORIAL TEAM, SEND YOUR NAME, DEPT TO 08060173471

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 MBBS 200L 2014/2015: DOCTORS IN TRAINING

1. Describe the gross anatomy of the female breast, add notes on its lymphatic drainage and the clinical
significant…..20mks(2010,2011,2013,MBBS)

2. Write short notes on: (a) Femoral triangle (b) Arches of the foot (c) Axillary group of lymph nodes (d) Palmar
arterial arches….20mks(MBBS)

3. Write on the gross anatomy of the shoulder joint…10mks (2010,2011,2012)

4. Discuss the classification of bones….10mks (MBBS)

5. Attempt the classification of joints in the body with examples…..20mks (2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,MBBS)

6. List the contents of the carpal tunnel…..10mks(MBBS)

7. Describe in detail, the axilla and add a note on axillary group of lymph nodes….20mks
(2009,2010,2011,2013,MBBS)

8. Trace the origin, course and distribution of median nerve. What disabilities are associated with its
lesion?.....10mks (MBBS)

9. Trace the origin, course and distribution of radial nerve. Indicate the disabilities associated with injury to this
nerve at various level…..10mks (2008 & MBBS)

10. Write a short note on cubital fossa….10mks (2008,2009,2010,2012MBBS)

11. Write short note on arterial anastomosis of the elbow joint…..10mks (MBBS)

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 12. Describe in detail, the anatomy of the elbow joint…..10mks(2010)

13. Discuss the formation and distribution of brachial plexus, naming the collateral
branches…..20mks(2008,2013,MBBS)

14. Enumerate the disabilities associated with the carpal tunnel syndrome…..5mks(MBBS)

15. Write a short note on the arterial anastomosis around the scapular…..10mks (2008,2009,MBBS)

16. What will be associated with injuries to (a) Radial nerve (b) Ulnar nerve (c) Musculocutaneous (d) Median

nerve…..12mks(MBBS)

17. With the aid of a fully labeled diagram, describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus and indicate its branches.
What is Erb’s palsy?....20mks (2011,MBBS)

18. Trace the course of sciatic nerve from its origin to the distal end of the popliteal fossa, including its supply to
joints and muscles…..10mks (MBBS)

19. Write short notes on (a) Axilla (b) Erb’s palsy (c)Quadrangular space (d) Cruciate and Trochanteric

anastomosis……20mks(MBBS)

20. Discuss the anatomy of the Hip joint…..20mks(2010,2012,MBBS)

21. Write short notes on (a) Hamstring Muscles (b) Genicular anastomosis (c) Tendo Calcaneous (d) Palmar arterial
arch (e) Common peroneal nerve (f) Rotator cuff muscles….20mks(MBBS)

22. Describe the arches of the foot….10mks (2008,2011,2013,MBBS)

23. Write an essay on the knee joint, add notes on the mechanism of locking and unlocking of the knee
joint…..20mks (2010, 2012 MBBS)

24. Describe the popliteal fossa….10mks (2008,2009,2011)

25. Describe in detail the axilla and add a note on axillary group of lymph node…..20mks
(2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,MBBS)

26. Attempt the classification of joints in the body with examples …..20mks (2010.2011,2012,MBBS)

27. Describe the gross anatomy of the breast…..10mks (2009,2010,2012,2013,MBBS)

28. Write an essay on the axillary artery…..10mks (MBBS)

29. Write short notes on: (a) Femoral triangle (b) Femoral canal

(c) Subsartorial canal…..20mks (2010,2012,2013,MBBS)

30. Write the gross anatomy of Anatomical snuffbox…..10mks(MBBS)

31. Write short note on long saphenous vein….10mks (MBBS)

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 ANA 211: UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES MAY 9, 2014
ANSWER EACH SECTION ON A SEPARATE BOOKLET. TIME ALLOWED: 2 HRS 15 MINS

SECTION A: ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS

1. Classify joints with definite examples. (20 marks)

2. Discuss the gross anatomy of the breast. (20 marks)
3. Discuss the origin, course and distribution of the radial nerve (20 marks)

SECTION B: ANSWER QUESTION 4 AND ANY OTHER QUESTION

4. Write on the popliteal fossa. (10 marks)

5. Give a detailed description of the knee joint. (20 marrks)
6. Write on (A) Arches of the foot (B) Femoral triangle. (20 marks)

MED REHAB 200L 2014/2015: SET OF OUTSTANDING PHYSIOTHERAPISTS

Coming soon:

www.nausugnnewi.com &
www.chssag.blogspot.com
COURTESY OF THE PRO, CHS STUDENT ASSOCIATION
GOVERNMENT 2014/2015,

COMR. FII TORNUBARI SAMUEL

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 FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES, NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, NNEWI CAMPUS

PAST QUESTIONS FOR 200 LEVEL STUDENTS

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

1. Describe Carrier-mediated transport across the membrane (MBBS)

2. Describe the types and process of endocytosis, identify four (4) sites of human body where endocytosis occurs.
(2008,MBBS)

3. Describe the functions and structure of cell membrane. (2010)

4. Write concisely on (a.) active transport (b) what is Homeostasis (c) how can the body ensure that any named
physiological variable remains constant? (MBBS)

5. Define the concept of feedback and discuss the role in physiological system. (2010)

6. Give a concise account of diffusion, briefly show how it differs from active transport(2010)

7. Write a short note on membrane proteins.

(b) Identify the structural basis of the functions of cell membrane. (2009,MBBS)

8. Discuss the role of membrane proteins in the transport across cell membrane and list the transport process of
the body. (MBBS)

9. Write a short note on the mitochondria. (2010,2011)

10. Give a brief account on receptors of membrane surfaces. (MBBS)

11. Outline the role of plasma membrane in the transport between cells. (2013)

12. With the aid of a sketch, discuss the functions of cell membrane (2009,MBBS)

13. Write short notes on the following: (a) Pinocytosis (b) Facilitated diffusion (c) Exocytosis (2010,2012)

14. With the aid of suitable example, discuss the feedback mechanism in physiological system (MBBS)

15. Briefly discuss the examples of homeostatic mechanism in the body (2009,2010,MBBS)

16. Describe briefly how sodium is regulated in ECF (2010,2012,2013)

17. What is positive feedback in physiological system (2011,MBBS)

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 1. Write short note on

a. Plasmic protein

b. Haemoglobin

2. Mention the essential factors of erythropoiesis

3. Give an account of the body’s defence against infection (MBBS)

4. Write short note on:

(a) Neutrophil

(b) T-Lymphocyte

(c) Anti clotting mechanism (MBBS)

5. Describe the role of Leucocyte in the body(2010)

6. Present an outline of erythropoesis , examine indicators, and factors that influence it.

7. Describe the blood clotting mechanism and give example of possible abnormalities.

8. Describe the 1st and 2nd aspect of homeostasis

9. Describe cell mediated immunity

10. What are the mechanisms of immune globulin actions

11. Describe the functions of plasma proteins.

12. Give an account of the role of WBC in the defense of body against infections.

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 13. Give the normal values of any 5 blood parameters, Discuss the variation of its values.

14. Write short note on

a. ABO blood group system

b. Leukocyte

c. Lymphocytes

d. Function of lymphocyte

15. Write concisely on haemostasis

16. Describe the role of platelets in haemostasis

17. What are the importances of buffer on the body?

18. What is hematocrit?

19. What is the normal value?

20. What factors affects the normal value?

21. Describe the regulation of erythropoiesis

22. Write a short note on plasma

23. Discuss the 5 named functions of blood.

24. Write short note on immunity and malfunction of granulocytes

25. Outline the composition of blood

26. Write an essay on erythropoiesis

27. Write short notes on (a.) Platelets (b.) Haemolytic disease of the newborn.

28. Write succinctly on the blood grouping in man

PIO 211: BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY 30TH APRIL, 2014

TIME ALLOWED: 2:30 HRS

INSTRUCTIONS

Attempt all questions

Start each question on a new page

Write legibly and concisely

1. Write an essay on anaemia

2. Discuss the processes of haemostasis
3. Write extensively on anti-coagulants
4. Discuss the types of leucocytes and their functions

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 5. Write short notes on the following;
(a.) Natural killer cells
(b.) Neutrophilia
(c.) Acquired immunity

AD POWERED
WEAVES, MAKE
UP & BEAUTY BY
SHOP

07036157682 LEAGUE OF
ENTREPRENEURS,
S
UNIZIK

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 A GUIDE TO PHYSIOLOGY LABOURATORY APPARATUS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMS
NAME CLINICAL USES NOTE VALUES
Used to supply air to
organ or tissue during
experiment

AERATOR PUMP
Used for collection of
liquid sample.

AUTOMATIC PIPETTE

For separating
component of
different
densities in a
liquid using
centrifugal force

CENTRIFUGE

1.Hb determination Two method of determining Hb

using conc
cyanmetheamoglobin 1. Sahli’s method
method 2. Cyanmetheamoglobin
2. Osmotic fragility method.

COLOURIMETER
For differential WBC
count

DIFFERENTIAL COUNT

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 Monitoring the electrical Electrodes connected to it are
activity of the heart. placed on the skin of the forelimb
and chest wall

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

Used for separating This is done by passing electric

electrically charged current through it and the rate of
particles, particularly movement of the different
proteins in a solution. components depends upon their
charges.

ELECTROPHORETIC
MACHINE

ESR APPARATUS Used to determine Two methods for determining Normal ESR value
erythrocyte ESR are Westergren’s method Female:4-7mm/hr
sedimentation rate ESR and Wintrobe’s method. Male:3-7mm/hr
Components include westergren
stand and ESR pipette.
Used for total WBC (for WBC) it is used to diagnose (For WBC) Normal range=
count (not differential), infections or unexplained fever 4000-11000 cells/mm3
3
RBC and platelet count. Normal value= 7500cell/mm
for RBC, it is used to diagnose
anaemia (for RBC) male= 4.0-5.6
*106cells/mm3
Content include: RBC pipette, Female=3.6-
WBC pipette, Neubauer counting 4.8*106cells/mm3
chamber and cover slib/slip.

HAEMOCYTOMETER

Used for haemoglobin It is used to diagnose anaemia. Normal range of Hb

estimation Content: 0.1M HCl, 0.2ml Male: 12-18g/dl
micropipette, sahli’s apparatus, Female: 11-14g/dl
glass stirrer used for mixing and
ball pipette

HAEMOGLOBINOMETER

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 Used to supply graded Accompanying equipment is a
electrical potential to an stimulator which is used to
organ or tissue during supply the graded electrical
experiment. potential to the organ or tissue
Used for 1st and 2nd during the experiment
stannius ligature

KYMOGRAPH
For RBC count,
Used for WBC count and
Used for Platelet count.

MANUAL COUNTER

MICROSCOPE Used for differential Parts include stage, eye piece,

WBC count lens, coarse and fine adjustor,
handle and light source.
Used for determination Haematocrit means percentage
of packed cell volume of the total blood volume
occupied by the erythrocyte

MICRO HAEMATOCRIT
CENTRIFUGE

Used to diagnose It is used with micro haematocrit

anaemia and to centrifuge
determine packed cell
volume (PVC)

MICRO HAEMATOCRIT
READER

Used to check pupillary The layer being viewed is the 3rd

light reflex layer of the eye

OPTHALMOSCOPE

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 Organ bath: used to
keep organ/ tissue under
experiment at
physiologic state
To check the effect of
drug on tissue or organ
during experiment

ORGAN BATH
Used to measure the It is also used to measure change
rate of blood flow in blood flow through the arm
through the arm

PLATHYSMOGRAM
SPHYGMOMANOMETER Used to check for hyper It is used alongside with Systolic range: 90-
tension and to measure stethoscope and the parts 150mmHg
arterial blood pressure include pressure indicator, air Diastolic range:60-
bladder cuff and inflator. 100mmHg
Used to measure lung Accompaniment soda lime help
volumes other than forced to absorb CO2 being produced
expiratory volume eg IRV
and ERV

SPIROMETER
STHETOSCOPE Used to check It can be used to diagnose cardiac Heart rate for children:
circulatory sound e.g. abnormalities like tarchycardia 130b/min
heart sound and arterial fibrillation. Normal adult: 70-180 b/m
The parts include diaphragm, bell Old adult:60-70b/m
ear piece, metal and rubber
tubing
SNELLEN’S CHART Used for visual acuity It can be used to check different The subject is 6m away
eye defect e.g. myopia or with one eye closed.
hypermetropia Normal value: 6m/6m or
20ft/20ft
Turning fork is used to Turning fork also have vibratory
check bone and air function.
conduction deafness-
auditory function
Tendon/patellar Reflex action- to elicit knee jerk,
hammer: Used for ankle jerk, elbow jerk and
tendon reflex action. babinski sign

TURNING FORK AND

TENDON HAMMER

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 Used to measure the It must not touch the wall of the Normal range
specific gravity of urine container when measuring and it 1.010-1.025
and to check the must be floating.
functioning rate of urine

URINOMETER

Used for ABO blood ABO grouping is vital for blood

grouping and for Rhesus transfusion organ transplant and
factor determination it used as first line or exclusion
for settling paternity dispute.

WHITE PIPETTE TILE

It can be used to check the Normal range

integrity of respiratory airways 550-650L/min
i.e. upper airway obstruction Normal value
600L/min

WRIGHT PEAK FLOW

METER

ANALYTICAL WEGHING CUPED CENTRIFUGE DESICATOR APPARATUS DISTILLATOR

MACHINE

HEAT BLOCK ORBITAL MIXER OVEN PH METER

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 Page |
6

PHOTO ELECTRIC RBC PIPETTE SPECTROPHOTOMETER SPECTROPHOTOMETER2

COLOURIMETER

VITELLOGRAPH WAVELENGTH WBC PIPETTE WEIGHING BALANCE

A GUIDE TO PHYSIOLOGY LABOURATORY APPARATUS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMS IS COURTESY OF

KENE KEJE & IZUCHUKWU MARXTOPHER

AD POWERED BY LEAGUE OF ENTREPRENEURS UNIZIK AD POWERED BY LEAGUE OF ENTREPRENEURS

UNIZIK

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 HARD COPY OF FIRST SEMESTER 200L PAST
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