NAME: GWEN VALERIE R.

DULUTALIAS BSED-SCIENCE III BLOCK A

INSTRUCTOR: MS BOBMIL FLORES
TIME & DAY : 5:30-7:00 PM (T-TH)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – LEC
CHAPTER 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

Checkpoints Questions

1. What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures are
involved?

Answer: A respiratory therapist work to improve the absorption of oxygen into the blood.
The structures that are involved are the air sacs in the lungs and the hemoglobin of the
blood.

2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.

Answer: The skeleton supports our body. It protects our vital organs, anchors and muscles
that allows us to move.

3. Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism.

Answer:
 Atom: The smallest units of matter that retain the properties and
characteristics of the element.
 Molecule: two or more atoms joined together
 Cell: the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are
composed of chemicals. Our body is composed of trillions of cells. They provide
structure for the body, convert the nutrients that we have into energy and
carry out specialized functions.
 Tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together
to perform a particular function
 Organ: structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
 System: consist with related organs with a common function
 Organism: any living individual. All the parts of the human body functioning
together constitute the total organism.

4. At what levels of organization would an exercise physiologist study the human body? (Hint:
Refer to Table 1.1.)

Answer: Exercise physiologist concentrate on how physical activity can improve health and
wellness. Their main target would be at a Cellular level.
5. Referring to Table 1.2, which body systems help eliminate wastes?

Answer:
 Digestive System
 Integumentary System
 Respiratory System
 Urinary System

6. List the six most important life processes in the human body.

Answer:
 Metabolism
 Responsiveness
 Movement
 Growth
 Differentiation
 Reproduction

7. Describe the locations of intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood
plasma.

Answer:
 Intracellular fluid is fluid within cells.
 Extracellular fluid is fluid outside body cells.
 Interstitial fluid this is the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells in
tissue.
 Blood plasma is the ECF within the blood vessels.

8. Why is interstitial fluid called the internal environment of the body?

Answer: Extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the body because the proper
functioning of the body cells depends upon the precise regulation of their surrounding.

9. What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system?

Answer: External environment like changes body temperature can be types of disturbances.

10.Define receptor, control center, and effector.

Answer:
 Receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
and sends input to a control center.
  Control Center sets


the narrow range or set point

within which a controlled
 condition should be
maintained, evaluates the
input it receives from
receptors, and
 generates output
commands when they are
needed
 Control Center sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled
condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors,
and generates output commands when they are needed.
 Effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and
produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

11.What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease? Give examples of each

Answer: The difference between the two is that a person with a disease may experience
symptoms, subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
Examples of symptoms are headache, nausea, and anxiety. Objective changes that a clinician
can observe and measure are called signs. It can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a
rash, or physiological,such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.
12.Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and
the shoulder, (2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the
heart and the diaphragm?

Answer:
 (1) proximal
 (2) contralateral
 (3) medial
 (4) superior

13.Locate each region shown in Figure 1.5 on your own body, and then identify it by its
anatomical name and the corresponding common name.

Answer:
Cephalic- Head
 Occipital (base of skull), Cranial (skull), Facial (face), Frontal (forehead)
Temporal (temple), Orbital or ocular (eye), Otic (ear), Buccal (cheek),
Nasal (nose), Oral (mouth), Mental (chin)
Cervical – Neck
Trunk
 Scapular (shoulder blade),Sternal (breastbone), Mammary (breast), Abdomen
(Stomach), Umbilical (navel), Vertebral (spinal column), Olecranal or cubital
(back of elbow), Sacral (between hips), Coccygeal (tailbone), Gluteal (buttock),
Coxal (hip), Inguinal (groin), Pubic (pubis)
Extremities
 Axillary(armpit), Brachial (arm), Antecubital (Front of elbow), Antebrachial
(forearm), Carpal (wrist), Dorsum (back of hand), Palmar or volar(palm), Digital
or phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh),Patellar(anterior surface of
knee),Popliteal (hollow behind knee) Crural (leg), Sural (calf), Pedal (foot),
Plantar (sole), Tarsal (ankle), Digital or phalangeal (toes), Dorsum (top of
foot),Hallux (great toe)

14.What structures separate the various body cavities from one another?

Answer: The structures separate the various body cavities from another are bones, muscles,
ligaments.

15.Locate the nine abdominopelvic regions and the four abdominopelvic quadrants on yourself,
and list some of
the organs found in each.

Answer:
Nine abdominopelvic regions
 1. Epigastric
 Gallbladder
2. Hypochondriac region
 The lever
3. Left hypochondriac region
 Diaphragm
4. Right lumbar region
 Large intestine
5. Umbilical Region
 Small intestine
6. Left lumbar region
 More small intestine
7. Right inguinal region
 Ascending colon
8. Hypogastric region
 Urinary Bladder
9. Left inguinal region
 Descending colon
Four abdominopelvic Quadrants
1. Right upper quadrant
 Liver and gallbladder
2. Right lower quadrant
 Ascending colon
 Some small intestine
3. Left upper quadrant
 Stomach
4. Left lower quadrant
 Descending colon

16.Which forms of medical imaging would be used to show a blockage in an artery of the heart?

Answer:
 Angiogram, It is considered gold standard for evaluating blockages in the
arterial system.

17.Of the medical imaging techniques outlined in Table 1.3, which one best reveals the
physiology of a structure?

Answer: CT Scan

18.Which medical imaging technique would you use to determine whether a bone was broken?

Answer: I would like to use the Radiograph (X-ray), It uses a very small dose of ionizing
radiation to produce pictures of any bone in the body.
SELF-QUIZ QUESTIONS
Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
1. A(n) tissue is a group of similar cells and their surrounding materials performing specific
functions.
2. The sum of all of the body’s chemical processes is ___metabolism_______ . It consists of two
parts: the phase that builds up new substances anabolism ,and the phase that breaks down
substances is catabolism.
3. The fluid located within cells is the intracellular fluid , whereas the fluid located outside of the
cells is __extracellular fluid___.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
4. In a positive feedback system, the response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus.
Answer: true
5. A person lying face down would be in the supine position.
Answer: false
6. The highest level of structural organization is the system level.
Answer: false
Choose the one best answer to the following questions.
7. A plane that separates the body into unequal right and left sides is a
(a) transverse plane (b) frontal plane
(c) midsagittal plane (d) coronal plane (e) parasagittal plane

Answer: (e) parasagittal plane

8. Midway through a 5-mile workout, a runner begins to sweat profusely. The sweat glands
producing the sweat would be considered which part of a feedback loop?
(a) controlled condition (b) receptors (c) stimulus
(d) effectors (e) control center

Answer: (d) effectors

9. An unspecialized stem cell becomes a brain cell during fetal development. This is an example of
(a) differentiation (b) growth (c) organization
(d) responsiveness (e) homeostasis.

Answer: (a) differentiation

10. A radiography technician needs to x-ray a growth on the urinary bladder. To accomplish this,
the camera must be positioned on the region.
(a) left inguinal (b) epigastric (c) hypogastric
(d) right inguinal (e) umbilical

Answer: (c) hypogastric

11. Which of the following would not be associated with the thoraciccavity?
(1) pericardium, (2) mediastinum, (3) peritoneum, (4) pleura,
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 (c) 3
(d) 1 and 4 (e) 3 and 4

Answer: (c) 3

12. Match the following common names and anatomical descriptive adjectives:
_____4____(a) axillary (1) skull
_____6____(b) inguinal (2) eye
_____8____(c) cervical. (3) cheek
_____1____(d) cranial. (4) armpit
_____9 _ _(e) oral (5) arm
_____5 ___(f) brachial. (6)groin
_____2____(g) orbital (7)buttock
_____7___(h) gluteal (8)neck
_____3___(i) buccal. (9)mouth
____10___( j) coxal. (10)hip

13. Choose the term that best fits the blank in each statement. Some answers may be used more
than once.
____1____(a) Your eyes are to your chin___. (1) superior
__ 12___(b) Your skin ______ to your heart. (2) inferior
____1____(c) Your right shoulder is and ______ from your umbilicus
(belly button). (3) anterior
___ 6_ __(d) In the anatomical position, your thumb is_______ . (4) posterior
____4__ _(e) Your buttocks are______ . (5) medial
____8____(f) Your right foot and right hand are_______ . (6) lateral
____7____(g) Your knee is _____ between your thigh and toes. (7) intermediate
____3___(h) Your lungs are ______ to your spinal column. (8) ipsilateral
____2____(i) Your breastbone is _____ to your chin. (9) contralateral
____10_____(j) Your calf is _____ to your heel. (10) proximal
(11) distal
(12) superficial
(13) deep

14. Match the following cavities to their definitions:

__ 4 _(a) a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart. (1) cranial cavity
___1___(b) the cavity that contains the brain (2) vertebral canal
___3___(c) a cavity formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum, and part (3) thoracic cavity
of the vertebral column
___6___(d) a cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, (4) pericardial
cavity
small intestine, and most of the large intestine
___5___(e) fluid-filled space that surrounds a lung. (5) pleural cavity
___7___(f) the cavity that contains the urinary bladder, part of the large. (6) abdominal
cavity
intestine, and the organs of the reproductive system
___2___(g) the canal that contains the spinal cord (7) pelvic cavity

15. Match the following systems with their functions:

____6____(a) nervous system
____1____(b) endocrine system
____11____(c) urinary system
____5____(d) cardiovascular system
____10____ (e) muscular system
____8_____(f) respiratory system
(1) regulates body activities through hormones
(chemicals) transported in the blood to various target
organs of the body
(2) produces gametes; releases hormones from gonads
(3) protects against disease; returns fluids to blood
(4) protects body by forming a barrier to the outside
environment; helps regulate body temperature

____7_____(g) digestive system
____9_____(h) skeletal system
____4_____(i) integumentary system
____3_____(j) lymphatic system and
immunity
(5) transports oxygen and nutrients to cells; protects
against disease; carries wastes away from cells
(6) regulates body activities through action potentials
(nerve impulses); receives sensory information;
interprets and responds to the information
(7) carries out the physical and chemical breakdown of
food and absorption of nutrients

____2_____(k) reproductive system (8) transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between air
and blood

(9) supports and protects the body; provides internal

framework; provides a place for muscle attachment

(10) powers movements of the body and stabilizes body

position

(11) eliminates wastes; regulates the volume and

chemical composition of blood
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

1. You are studying for your first anatomy and physiology exam and want to know which areas
of your brain are working hardest as you study. Your classmate suggests that you could have
a computed tomography (CT) scan done to assess your brain activity. Would this be the best
way to determine brain activity levels?

Answer: No, the best way to determine brain activity levels is electroencephalogram. Because
it is a test that records the electrical signals of the brains.

2. There is much interest in using stem cells to help in the treatment of diseases such as type I
diabetes, which is due to a malfunction of some of the normal cells in the pancreas. What
would make stem cells useful in disease treatment?

Answer: Stem cells is useful in disease treatment in a way that it replace cells damage by
chemotherapy for the donors immune system to fight blood-related diseases and other types
of cover.

3. On her first anatomy and physiology exam, Heather defined homeostasis as “the condition in
which the body approaches room temperature and stays there.” Do you agree with Heather’s
definition?

Answer: I do not agree with Heather’s definition. Because homeostasis refers to state of
equilibrium that encompasses more than just body temperatures. It’s responsible for a
number of bodily activities.