Structure and function of the Body systems 1

Musculoskeletal System (Locomotor system)

Dr. Hamza Mohamed Sharif, PhD

Anatomy Department
Learning objectives:
By the end of this lecture , students will be able to:

• Understand locomotor system functions.

• List types of bones, cartilages, and joints
• Identify major bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton.
• Identify the major muscles of the body and types of muscles.
The main Functions of the musculoskeletal System:

• Movement: Enables movement through the interaction of bones,

muscles, and joints.
• Support: Provides structural support and stability to the body.
• Protection: Protects vital organs and delicate tissues.
• Blood Cell Production: Produces red and white blood cells and
platelets in the bone marrow.
• Storage: The bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
The components of the Skeletal System:

Bones (& joints)

Cartilages
Ligaments

 The type of tissue of bone is connective tissue

Types of Bones according to their shape :

Long bones – humerus & femur

Short bones – carpal bones
Flat bones – sternum & scapula
Irregular bones – vertebrae
Sesamoid bones – patella
Types of bones
Types of cartilage in the body
• Hyaline cartilage -- the commonest form of cartilage in the
body found in joints, costal cartilages, larynx and trachea.
• Elastic cartilage -- epiglottis, ear.
• Fibrocartilage -- intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis and
menisci of knee.
 Skeleton:
• There are 206 bones in the adult
human skeleton.
• it is divided into:
1-Axial skeleton:
skull, thoracic cage & vertebral
column
2- Appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle, bones of
upper & lower limbs.
Cranium
•it encloses and protects the brain.
•The bones are :
-Frontal
-Parietal(2)
-Temporal(2)
-Occipital
-Sphenoid
-Ethmoid
Facial Bones
• There are 14 facial bones in total.
• They are: maxillae, palatine, zygomatic,
lacrimal, nasal, Inferior nasal concha, vomer &
mandible
Thoracic Cage
• It is formed of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
• It protects the organs of the thoracic cavity.
• Sternum:
• Ribs : They are (12) pairs
Bones of Vertebral Column
• There are 7 Cervical Vertebrae
• There are 12 Thoracic
Vertebrae
• There are 5 Lumbar Vertebrae
• There are 5 fused vertebrae of
the Sacrum
• There are 4 fused vertebrae of
the Coccyx
• Number of vertebrae is 33
 Pectoral girdle
also known as the
shoulder girdle
•It is formed of :
1-Clavicle(collarbone):
it holds the arm away
from the thorax.
2- Scapula(shoulder blade).
 Upper Limb
• Arm : Humerus.
• Forearm: Radius(laterally)
& Ulna(medially).
• Hand:
Wrist: Carpal bones(8).
Palm : Metacarpal bones(5).
Fingers : Phalanges(14)
 Pelvic Girdle
• Formed of 2 Hip bones.
• Each hip bone is formed
of 3 parts :
1. Ilium.
2. Ischium.
3. Pubis.
 Lower Limb
• Thigh: Femur (It is the largest
bone in the body).
• Leg: Tibia (medially)
• & Fibula(laterally).
• Foot:
1-Tarsus: Tarsal bones(7).
2-Metatarsals(5).
3-Phalanges(14).
Bones of the foot
Tarsal bones(7)
Metatarsals(5)
Phalanges(14)
 Joints
• A joint is a place in the skeleton where part of a bone meets a part of
another bone.
• Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect bones to bones. Ligaments
help to stabilize the joints and prevent them from dislocating.
 Types of joints
1- Fibrous (no movement):
- example: Sutures of the skull.
2- Cartilaginous (little movement)
- example: Intervertebral disc.
3- Synovial (free movement)
- examples: shoulder joint, knee joint
 Muscles
• The muscles are responsible for all body movement,
there are over 600 muscles in the body.
There are three types of muscles:
– Smooth muscles: Involuntary, are found in the
walls of internal organs, such as the stomach,
intestines, and blood vessels.
– Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, is found in the heart
and is responsible for pumping blood throughout
the body.
– Skeletal muscles: voluntary control.
Skeletal Muscles in the body
• Muscles of Mastication: Examples: Masseter, Temporalis
• Muscles of the facial expression:
Examples: orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris.
 Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus