Musculo- skeletal System

Serves as framework
Skull Axial
Comprises the bone of the cranium

Trunk
The vertebral column and the bony thorax
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Cervical Lumbar Sacral coocygeal

Thoracic

ARM

Carpus Metac
Metacarpus
Feet
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Os coxa

Thigh

legs

Hock
KNEE CAP
Flat bone
Relatively thin and expanded
Irregular bone

Pneumatic bone

femur

Long bone
Sesamoid bones

Short bones
Coboid /approximately equal in all
dimension such as tarsal and
carpus.
SKELETAL SYSTEM

It consists of bones,
cartilages, ligaments, and
joints.
The skeletal system is
divided into:

Axial
skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON

consists of the skull

(comprises the bones of the
cranium), and trunk
(comprises the vertebral
column and the bony
thorax).
Skull – Divided in 2 parts:
Cranial bones: occipital,
parietal, interparietal,
temporal, frontal, ethmoid,
sphenoid
 
Facial bones: pterygoid,
lacrimal, nasal, palatine, conchae
(turbinates), maxilla, incisive
(premaxilla), zygomatic(malar),
vomer, hyoid, and mandible (the
largest and strongest bone of the
face).
 
 
The vertebral column:
1. Cervical – corresponds to the neck
region
atlas – is the first cervical vertebra
axis – the second cervical vertebra
2. Thoracic or dorsal - corresponds
to the back
3. Lumbar – corresponds to the
croup or loin region. They form
the long arm of bone in a T-bone
steak.
4. Sacral – corresponds to the pelvis
– fused or false vertebrae.
5. Coccygeal/caudal – corresponds
to the tail.
VERTEBRAL FORMULA

Horse: C7 T18 L6 S5 Cy15 – 20

Cow: C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18 – 20
Sheep: C7 T13 L6-7 S4 Cy16 –
18
Goat: C7 T13 L7 S4 Cy12
Hog: C7 T14-15 L6-7 S4 Cy20 –
23
Chicken: C14 T7 LS14 Cy6
Man: C7 T12 L5 S5 Cy4
bony thorax (comprises the ribs and sternum):
1. ribs – corresponds to the number of thoracic
Types:
 true (sternal) – join sternum by coastal

cartilages
 false (asternal) – not directly connected

with sternum
 floating – last 1 or 2 pair connected only

with vertebrae
2. sternum – floor of the thorax and
lower ends of the ribs. Parts:
1. manubrium – cranial extremity
2. body (gladiolus) – middle portion
3. Metasternum (xiphoid or
ensiform) – caudal portion
The sternum consists of
segments called sternebrae.

Pig and sheep – 6 sternebrae

Cow and goat – 7 sternebrae
Horse and dog – 8 sternebrae
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

 it is made up of the bones of the limbs and appendages.

Forelimb/Pectoral limb ( from above downward the bones of
the thoracic limb)
1. pectoral girdle(shoulder girdle) = shoulder
Parts:
 scapula (shoulder blade)

 clavicle(collar bone – human; wish bone - chicken)

 coracoid
2. humerus = arm
3. radius and ulna = forearm
radius – larger
ulna – smaller in mammals but
not in birds
4. carpus = knee? (animals); wrist
(human)
5. metacarpus = front cannon (animals);
hand (human)
large metacarpal – is called cannon bone.
small metacarpal – is called splint bone.
6. phalanges (1/proximal, 2/middle,
3/distal phalanx) = digits (toes or
fingers)
Proximal phalanx – is also
called long pastern bone
Middle phalanx – is also called
short pastern bone
Distal phalanx – is also called
coffin bone
Horse – 1 digit (the 3rd digit)

Cow, sheep, goat, pig – 2

principal digits ( 3rd & 4th digits); 2
dew claws (2nd & 5th digits)

Dogand cat – 5 digits; the 1 digit

st

(dew claw); in human (thumb)

hind limb/pelvic limb (from above downward the bones of the
hind or pelvic limb):
1. os coxae(pelvic girdle) = hip (pelvis)
Parts:
 ilium – the largest and most dorsal of the
bone
ischium – has tuber ischiadicum (tuber
ischii) commonly called pin bone
pubis – the smallest of the three bones
The pubis and ischium form
the boundaries of the largest
foramen in the body, the
obturator foramen.
2. femur = thigh (the heaviest and
strongest bone in the body), also
known as round bone
3. patella = knee cap
4. tibia and fibula = legs
tibia (shin bone) – larger
fibula – smaller
5. tarsus = hock (animals); ankle
(human)
6. metatarsus = hind cannon
(animals); foot (human)
7. phalanges = toes (same in
forelimb)
 key Head of
Axial skeleton Examples humerus
Appendicular Skull of joints Scapula
skeleton
Shoulder Clavicle
girdle Scapula
Sternum
Rib 1 Ball-and-socket joints, where the humerus contacts
Humerus the shoulder girdle and where the femur contacts the
Vertebra pelvic girdle, enable us to rotate our arms and
Radius legs and move them in several planes.
Ulna Humerus
Pelvic
girdle
Carpals

Phalanges Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur 2 Hinge joints, such as between the humerus and
Patella the head of the ulna, restrict movement to a single
plane.
Tibia
Fibula

Ulna
Tarsals Radius
Metatarsals 3 Pivot joints allow us to rotate our forearm at the
Phalanges elbow and to move our head from side to side.
SKELETON OF A FOWL 1. Incisive 18. Patella
2. Nasal 19. Coracoid
3. Occipital 20. Clavicle
4. Ulula 21. Cervical vertebrae
5. Ulna 22. Mandible
6. Radius 23. Humerus
7. Scapula
8. Fused Ribs
9. Ilium
10. Pygostyle
11. Ischium
12. Pubis
13. Femur
14. Fibula
15. Tibia
16. Metatarsus
17. Sternum
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
ACCORDING TO GROSS APPEARANCE

1. Long bones – greater in one

dimension than any other. Function
chiefly as levers and aid in support,
locomotion, and prehension.
Examples: humerus, radius, ulna,
metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia,
fibula, metatarsals
2. short bones – somewhat
cuboid or approximately
equal in all dimensions.
Function in absorbing
concussion. Examples:
carpals and tarsals
3. Flat bones – relatively thin and
expanded in two dimensions.
Function chiefly for protection of
vital organs such as brain, the
heart, lung, and the pelvic vescira.
Example: scapula; parietal
bone; pelvic bone
4. Sesamoid bones – resemble a
sesame seed and are developed
along the course of tendons to
reduce friction or change the course
of tendons. Example; patella (the
largest sesamoid bone in the
body).
5. Pneumatic bones – contain
air-spaces or sinuses that
communicate with the exterior,
e.g. frontal and maxillary bone
6. Irregular bones – bones do
not fit very well into any
other classification and
serve for protection,
support, and muscle
attachment, e.g. vertebrae
 Joints
Ligaments
Are the elastic strands that hold the bones and the joints

Cartilage
Softer material which is found between the bones.
Cushions the bones at the joints when the body moves.

There are 200 bones in the body

 Muscle

Contact (shortens)
Relaxes (lengthen) Allows the bone to move.
 Types of Muscle

1. Skeletal Muscle
attached to the bones or for some facial muscle skin.
voluntary contraction
2. Cardiac Muscle – walls of the breast
branching chain of cells
involuntary contractions
speed contractions, slow
rhythmic contraction
3. Smooth muscle
mostly in the walls of the hollow visceral organs like stomach, intestine,
excretory organs, reproductive organs, lungs, blood vessels, etc.
single, no striations
involuntary contractions
speed of contrucstion