Name :

Animal and Human Skeleton

Based on its shape, bone can be divided  Kneecap

into :  Shinbone
 Flat bones : skull, breastbone, scapula  Calf bone
and rib  Ankle bone
 Pipe bones : thighbone, shinbone and  Foot bone
knuckle  phalanges
 Short bones : backbone and wrist bone Hard bones and spongy bones
Joint
Based on its hardness, bone can be divided
into : Based on its characteristics, joint be devided
 Hard bones into :
 Spongy bones  Fixed or dead joint (joint that connects flat
bone in the skull)
Our skeleton is divided into:  Amphiartrosis (joint in the spine columns)
 Skull  Diarthrosis/Synovial (hinge joint, ball and
 Body skeleton socket joint, saddle joint, pivot joint,
 Extremities ellipsoid joint, gliding joint)

Skull Diarthrosis
 Forehead bone (frontal) Hinge joint
 Nasal bone (nose) 1) Thighbone, hinge joint, shinebone
 Cheekbone (zygomatic) 2) Radius, ulna, hinge joint, upper arm bone
 Upper jawbone (maxilla) 3) Knuckle
 Lower jawbone (mandibula) 4) Palm bone
5) Wrist bone
Body Skeleton Ball and socket joint
 Shoulder girdle (composed of clavicle, 1) Shoulder bone, upper arm bone
scapula) 2) Hipbone, thighbone
 Ribcage (composed of 12 pairs of rib) Saddle joint
 Breastbone 1) Thumb bone, wristbone
 Pelvic girdle (composed 2 hipbones, 2 Pivot joint
ischiums, 2 pubic bones) 1) Pivot joint in the first neck bone and skull
 Backbone (composed 7 cervical bone, 12 Ellipsoid joint
thoracic bones, 5 lumbar bones, 5 sacral 1) Radius, ulna, wristbone
bones, 4 coccygeal bones) Gliding joint
1) Wristbone
Extremities Skeleton
Extremities skeleton Function of skeleton
 Upper arm bone  Giving shape to the body
 Ulna  Supporting weight and making body
 Radius upright
 Wrist bone  Protecting important organs in the body
 Palm Bone (ex: brain, lungs, heart, liver, intestine)
 Knuckle  A place where muscles attach
Lower extreamity (legs)  Passive locomotor
 Upper extremety (hands)  The site of blood cells production
 Thighbone
Name :
Keeping Our Skeleton Healty
 Maintaining the correct body posture
when we sit, stand, walk, sleep.
 Doing exercise regularly under the
morning sun.
 Consuming healty food, especially those
that contains vitamin D, calcium, and
phosphore.
 Having a vaccination against polio when
we are still a baby.
Name :
Respiratory System
Human Respiratory Organs
Lungs are the main respiratory organ.
 Lungs have two parts, the right lung and left lung.
 The right lung have 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes.
 Alveolus is surrounded by capillary vessel.
 The blood that brings oxygen flows through the
capillary to the whole body.
 The oxygen will be used to burn the nutrients.
 Carbon dioxide as the remains of the burning will be
carried and released by the blood in the alveolus
Nose – pharynx – larynx – trachea – bronchus
– bronchioles - alveolus
 L
ungs are covered by plueral membrane (to protect
the lungs)
 Lungs have around 480 millions of alveolus
Types of breathing
Belly breathing is a breathing with the help of diafragma.
 When diaphragm goes down, the chest cavity will
expand so that oxygen will be sucked into the lungs.
 When diaphragm goes up, the chest cavity deflate
and carbon dioxide will automatically goes out.
Chest breathing is the type of breathing that uses the
muscles between ribs and chest bones.
 When the intercostal muscle relax , the rib bones will
sprawl and the chest cavity expand, so that the air
goes into the lungs.
 When intercostal muscle is shortedned contract, the
rib bones will tighten up and chest cavity deflates, so
that lungs also deflate and the air is pushed out.
Animal Respiratory Organs
1. Mamals (Dog, Cat, Monkey, Goat, Dolphin, Whale
etc)
Nose -> trachea -> lungs
2. Aves (bird, chicken, duck and swan)
Nose -> trachea -> lungs -> air sacs
 Birds nostril is located in the base of its beak.
 Air sac is a tiny sac (bag) for holding air.
 The function of air sac is to help lungs’ work
when the bird fly.
 Bird breathes in two ways :
 Breathing while not flying (resting) using
lungs
 Breathing while flying using lungs and air
sacs
3. Reptiles
Nose – trachea – lungs
4. Fish
 Fish breathes with gills
 The gills are located on the both sides of the fish
head and protected by operculum.
 Gill consists of gill raker, gill ark, gill filament.
 Gill raker function to filter dirt in the water and
prevent it from entering the gill filament
 Gill filament looks like a maroon comb. It
contains lots of blood vessels.
 Gill ark is the place where gill filament attaches.
Its color is white
Note:
Fish takes oxygen from the water that wets
the gills. Then, carbon dioxide is released with
water through the open operculum.
When fish opens its mouth, water will enter
into the mouth. At the time, operculum is
closed. When fish mouth is closed, operculum is
opened. Water in the fish mouth will exit
through the gill and wets it along.
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5. Insect
Trachea system