Dalag, Cedrick John G.

BSN 3A

CHEST

Sternum (1 or 3) - The primary function of the sternum is the protection of the heart, lungs,
and blood vessels from physical damage. The sternum is made of the manubrium, the
gladiolus, and the xiphoid process.
Ribs (24, in pairs) - The ribs are the bony framework of the thoracic cavity. The ribs form
the main structure of the thoracic cage protecting the thoracic organs, however their main
function is to aid respiration
Cervical ribs (occur only in some people) - The cervical rib consists of a head, neck, and
tubercle. It is attached posteriorly to the first rib by a fibrous band near the insertion of the
anterior scalene muscle. Cervical rib has no physiological function

SPINE

Cervical vertebrae (7) - they're sometimes referred to as Atlas. It provides support for the
weight of your head, surrounds and protects your spinal cord, and allows for a wide range of
head motions
Thoracic vertebrae (12) - the main function of the thoracic spine is to hold the rib cage and
protect the heart and lungs. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12
Lumbar vertebrae (5) - Your lumbar vertebrae provide stability for your back and spinal
column and allow for a point of attachment for many muscles and ligaments. Your lumbar
vertebrae support most of your body's weight. It's also the center of your body's balance
Sacrum (5) - The sacrum forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the
pelvis. Joined at the very end of the sacrum are two to four tiny, partially fused vertebrae
known as the coccyx or "tailbone". The coccyx provides slight support for the pelvic organs
but actually is a bone of little use.
Coccyx (1) - Despite its small size, the coccyx has several important functions. Along with
being the insertion site for multiple muscles, ligaments, and tendons, it also serves as one leg
of the tripod along with the ischial tuberosities that provides weight-bearing support to a
person in the seated position.

SKULL
Cranial Bones

Occipital bone - the occipital bone is the most posterior cranial bone and the main bone of
the occiput. It is considered a flat bone, like all other cranial bones, meaning that its primary
function is either for protection or to provide a broad surface for muscle attachment
Parietal bones (2) - The function of the cranium, and hence the parietal bones, is to protect
the underlying fragile brain. The parietal bone is slightly curved and has a quadrilateral
shape. It has two surfaces, four borders and four angles. The borders articulate with the
neighbouring skull bones to form various cranial sutures
Frontal bone - the frontal bone alone creates the roof of the orbit. It also contains a small
zygomatic process to connect with the zygomatic bone just lateral to the lateral wall of the
socket. Within the cranium, the frontal bone connects with the ethmoid bone inferiorly and
medially
Temporal bones (2) - in addition to forming the external auditory canal, the temporal bone
houses the cockles, canals, and hearing organs. It also protects the middle and inner ear
structures, which are more delicate
Ethmoid bone - it contributes to the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, nasal septum and the
floor of the anterior cranial fossa. The ethmoid bone is an important piece of the skull,
especially due to the cribriform plate, which allows the olfactory fibers to pass through in
order for you to smell things.
Sphenoid bone - sphenoid bone has many essential functions. It helps form the base and
lateral sides of the skull in combination with the orbital floor. Its many articulations with
other bones give the skull rigidity. It is an attachment site for many of the muscles of
mastication

Facial Bones
Lacrimal bones (2) - to provide support to the structures of the lacrimal apparatus, which
secretes tears to lubricate the eyes, as well as act as a site for orbicularis oculi muscle
attachment.
Maxillae (2) - hold the tooth roots and form most of the nasal aperture and floor, most of the
hard palate, and the floors of the orbits.
Nasal bones (2) - to form the external surface of the nose, nasal aperture, and to protect the
nasal cavity from external factors. Formation of the nasal cavity, nasal bridge, nasal aperture,
protection
Palatine bones (2) - the palatine bone is a paired bone located between the maxillae and the
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. It participates in building the three cavities within the
skull; the oral cavity, nasal cavity and the orbits.
Zygomatic bones (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2) - the inferior conchae are the largest, and can be as long as the
index finger in humans, and are responsible for the majority of airflow direction,
humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.
Mandible - the mandible is the largest bone in the human skull. It holds the lower teeth in
place, it assists in mastication and forms the lower jawline.
Hyoid Bone - the hyoid bone is located in the front of the neck, just below the lower jaw,
carrying the weight of the tongue and playing a vital role in speech and swallowing
Vomer - to form the nasal septum together with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
and the nasal septal cartilage. In addition, it provides grooves for the passageway of the
neurovascular structures of the nasal cavity
Ear Bones
Malleus (2) - connects to the tympanic membrane transferring auditory oscillations to the
incus and then the stapes
Incus (2) - transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes.
Stapes (2) - sound conduction from the tympanic membrane to the middle ear.

PECTORAL GIRDLE

Clavicle (2) - connection between the axial and appendicular skeleton in conjunction with
the scapula, and each of these structures forms the pectoral girdle.
Scapula (2) - allow for full-functional upper extremity movement including protraction,
retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation

ARMS
Humerus (2) - the humerus is your upper arm bone. Other than the bones in your leg, it's the
longest bone in your body. It's a critical part of your ability to move your arm. Your humerus
also supports lots of important muscles, tendons, ligaments and parts of your circulatory
system
Radius (2) - permits the forearm and hand to pronate and supinate, flex and extend at the
elbow, and adduct, abduct, extend, flex, and circumduct the wrist.
Ulna (2) - helps you move your arm, wrist and hand.
Carpals (16) - allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically.
Phanages (28) - allow us to grip and hold onto objects.
Metacarpals (10) - accommodates the muscles, tendons, and nerves of the palm.
PELVIC GIRDLE

Hip bones (2) - acts as a multi-axial, ball-and-socket joint upon which the upper body is
balanced during stance and gait.

LEGS

Femur (2) - Holding the weight of your body when you stand and move.
Tibia (2) - As the second largest bone in the body, the tibia's main function in the leg is to
bear weight with the medial aspect of the tibia bearing the majority of the weight load.
Fibula (2) - combine with the tibia and provide stability to the ankle joint.
Patella (2) - improve the effective extension capacity of the quadriceps muscle by increasing
the moment arm of the patellar ligament.
Tarsals (14) - important attachment points for muscles of the leg and foot and aid in
maintaining the arches of the foot
Phalanges (28) - allow us to grip and hold onto objects.
Metatarsals (10) - force absorption, support, and as a rigid lever during gait propulsion.