ANATOMY

Skeletal System: AXIAL SKELETON

ERNESTO TAGORDA, MD 02-12-2020

TOPIC OUTLINE: II. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

I. AXIAL SKELETON  Appendages (or limbs) and structures they
A. SKULL are attached to:
1. Cranial bones/ Cranium o Upper limbs (arms, and the forearms)
2. Facial bones
 upper extremities
B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
1. Cervical o Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
2. Thoracic –upper extremities
3. Lumbar o Lower limbs (legs) -lower extremities
4. Sacral
5. Coccyx o Pelvic girdle -lower extremities
C. THORACIC CAGE
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
D. DISORDERS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
E. FONTANELS
Ppt- Black; Audio- Red; Book- Blue; Others- Green

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeleton consists of:
1. Bones (206)
2. Cartilages- the fetal precursor tissue in the
development of many bones
 In the adult skeleton it persists at almost all
joints between bones and in structures that
must be deformable as well as strong
3. Joints –also called articulations or the I. THE AXIAL SKELETON
junctions between skeletal elements
4. Ligaments –connect bones A. THE SKULL
 Ligaments as compared to tendons:  bony framework of the head
LIGAMENTS would connect bones, while  contains 22 bones (not counting the bones of the
TENDON would be muscle to muscle middle ears)
Liga ng BasketBall- Bone to Bone  rests on the superior end of the vertebral column
 TENDON is a part more of the muscular (backbone)
system  grouped into two categories: CRANIAL BONES
 There are 206 bones. In infants and younger AND FACIAL BONES
individuals it's more than 206, like the 1. CRANIAL BONES (CRANIUM)
vertebral column yung limang (5) bone nag  Enclose the cranial cavity , which supports and
fufuse into one (1) like the sacrum protects the brain
 Attachment sites for some head and neck
Divided into: I. Axial and II. Appendicular muscles
I. AXIAL SKELETON  Stabilize the positions of the brain, blood
 Forms long axis of body vessels, Iymphatic vessels, and nerves through
A. Skull the attachment of their inner surfaces to
B. Vertebral column meninges (membranes)
C. Thoracic cage 2. FACIAL BONES (ANTERIOR ASPECT OF SKULL)
 Form framework of face

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 Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste  ZYGOMATIC ARCH FRACTURE- most common
and smell fracture of the skull, X-ray using LATERAL
 Provides openings for passage of air and food VIEW
 Hold the teeth
 Anchor the muscles of the face

CRANIUM
 Vault
 upper portion “calvaria” = skullcap
 forms superior, lateral and posterior aspects
of skull and forehead
 Base or floor
 inferior part/lower part
 prominent bony ridges divide cranial base
into 3 “fossae”/depressions (steps):
o Anterior cranial fossa (houses the frontal
lobe of the brain)
o Middle cranial fossa (probably house the
midbrain)
o Posterior cranial fossa (houses the
occipital or the posterior part of the brain
including the cerebellum)

 Styloid Process –where the styloglossus

muscle, an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
originates
 Mastoid Region –nasa labas ng external
acoustic meatus, so pag nainfect ka doon,
pwedeng ma infect yung mastoid region mo,
maraming air sacs doon
 Largest part, is the squamous region,
squamous part of the temporal bone
1
CRANIAL BONES  The temporal bone is a paired bone
 There are 6 cranial bones, and of the six (6),  Sphenoid –para siyang butterfly
two (2) are paired  Take note that there is an opening in the
1. Frontal bone sphenoid bone, the OPTIC CANAL, where the
2. Parietal bones (paired) - left and right optic nerve (for vision) passes through and
3. Occipital bone will supply the eye
4. Temporal bones (paired) - left and right
5. Sphenoid bone
6. Ethmoid bone
 Sphenoid and Ethmoid are usually hidden
 Clinical application: if you want to have an X-
ray of the skull and you want to visualize the
OCCIPITAL PORTION, you request for a
TOWNE’S VIEW

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4. Lambdoid –Junction of the occipital bone and
the parietal bone
–This suture is so named because of its
resemblance to the capital Greek letter
lambda (Λ)

* Occipitomastoid –Between the occipital and

the mastoid process of the temporal bone

SUTURES
 Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones of
skull
 Irregular, saw-toothed appearance
 Area where the different skull bones unite or
meet, when they haven’t met yet, the area
are called FONTANELS, initially parang
cartilage lang sila, yung junctions. When they
OSSIFY, magiging bone na siya, and parang CRANIAL “CAVITY” –houses brain
magiging joint na siya, and that is an Smaller cavities
IMMOVABLE joint or what we call the SUTURE  Housing middle and inner ear
 Nasal cavity
 Orbits
 Sinuses

Openings (foramina, canals, fissures) (passageway)

for:
 Spinal cord (foramen magnum)
 Blood vessels
 Twelve cranial nerves: I – XII

REMEMBER, THE SKULL IS COMPOSED OF:

1. Cranial bones (or cranium), and
2. Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)
 Form framework of face
Largest four (4) skull sutures (where bones articulate  Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste
with parietal bones): and smell
1. Coronal –Junction between the frontal bone  Provides openings for passage of air and
and the parietal bone food
2. Sagittal –Between the parietal bones on the  Hold the teeth
superior midline of the skull  Anchor the muscle of the face
3. Squamous –Junction between the temporal
bone and the parietal bone on the lateral 2
FACIAL BONE
aspects of the skull
 There are eight (8) and most of them are
–Like the flat overlapping scales of a snake
paired, only two (2) are unpaired

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 1. Mandible –lower jaw bone, is the strongest Page 4 of 13
facial bone  Smallest bones of the face, are posterior and
 Only movable skull bone (other than the lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the
auditory ossicles, the small bones of the ear) medial wall of each orbit
 The mandible consists of 7. Palatines (paired) –form the posterior portion of
a. Body –a curved, horizontal portion thehard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the
b. Angle of the mandible –area where each nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the
ramus meets the body orbits
c. Rami –two perpendicular portions 8. Inferior nasal conchae (paired) –inferior to the
Each ramus has a : middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone, are
 Posterior condylar process Anterior separate bones, not part of the ethmoid bone
coronoid process  Scroll-like bones form a part of the inferior
 Mandibular notch lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into
 Alveolar process the nasal cavity
d. Mental foramen
e. Mandibular foramen
2. Vomer –Roughly triangular bone on the floor of the
nasal cavity
 Articulates superiorly with the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone
and inferiorly with both the maxillae and
palatine bones along the midline nasal septum
 Partition that divides the nasal cavity into right
and left side
3. Maxillae (paired) –upper jaw
 Unite to form the upper jawbone
 Articulate with every bone of the face except
the mandible (lower jawbone)
 The maxillae form part of the floors of the
orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the
nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate.
4. Zygomatics (paired) –connected to the zygomatic
process of the temporal bone
 Commonly called cheekbones, form the
prominences of the cheeks and part of the
lateral wall and floor of each orbit
 They articulate with the frontal, maxilla,
sphenoid, and temporal bones
5. Nasal (paired) –small, flattened, rectangular-
shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose
 Protect the upper entry to the nasal cavity and
provide attachment for a couple of thin muscles
of facial expression
 Major structural portion of the nose consists of
cartilage
6. Lacrimal (paired) –nasa loob
 Are thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in
size and shape

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Fractured or dislocated zygomatic arch would need

to be operated via ORIF (Open Reduction Internal
Fixation), uses TITANIUM. Magaan kasi pag titanium,
wala rin masyado reaction ang katawan, pag di na-fix,
magkakaroon ng disconfiguration.
Mandible has CORONOID PROCESS and
MANDIBULAR CONDYLE.

SMALLER CAVITIES
NASAL CAVITY
 Bound by bones and cartilages
 Roof is ethmoid’s cribriform plate
 Floor formed by palatine process of the 2
maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine
bones
o These nasal-floor structures form roof of the
mouth, called the hard palate

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 Page 6 of 13
 The superior orbital fissure is at the superior
lateral angle of the apex.
 The inferior orbital fissure is at the junction of the
lateral wall and floor.
 The supraorbital foramen is on the medial side of
the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone.
 The lacrimal fossa is in the lacrimal bone

PARANASAL SINUSES –Air-filled sacs in the bones

ORBIT
 Cone-shaped bony cavities holding the eyes,
muscles that move the eyes, some fat and tear-
producing glands; you don't need to know all these
bones that form it, just realize how complex it is
and recognize the optic canal (optic nerve passes
out through it)
 Seven bones of the skull join to form each orbit
(eye socket) or orbital cavity, which contains the
eyeball and associated structures
 The three cranial bones of the orbit are the frontal,
sphenoid, and ethmoid; the four facial bones are
the palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, and maxilla.
 “Paranasal” because they cluster around and
connect to the nasal cavity
 If you have colds theses sinuses can get clogged
with mucus and sometimes these may get
infected yung mucus material na yan, kapag
nag-“kkaakkk” ka may mabahong lumalabas, if
that is the case, you have to take antibiotics
and drink a lot of water
 If clogged, it may manifest as headache
 If patients complain of severe headache with
cough and colds, try to press this (sinuses),
kapag napress kahit kunti e masakit na, ibig
sabihin nun mayroon siyang SINUSITIS
 Have communication with the nasal cavity, and
alam nyo naman na ang nasal cavity ay
dumudugtong sa oral cavity at saka sa
laryngopharynx

C. HYOID BONE –PROBABLY PART OF THE AXIS

 Only bone which does not articulate with any
other bone, parang floating
 Connected to the moveable base for the tongue
 Points of attachment for neck muscles and the
tongue (hyoglossus) that raise and lower the
larynx during swallowing

RIGHT ORBIT
FIVE OPENINGS ON EACH ORBIT:
 The optic foramen (canal) is at the junction of the
roof and medial wall

T: Ojas, Reyes, Taculog, Tamayo, Taon, Ubungen; ATC: Torcita; TC: Palos, Serna
 B. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Page 7 of 13
 Fetus and infant: 33 separate bones or NORMAL CURVATURE OF THE VERTEBRAE
vertebrae  When viewed from the anterior or posterior, a
 Adult: 24 vertebrae (24 unfused, plus two normal adult vertebral column appears straight
[sacrum and coccyx] so 26 lahat)  But when viewed from the side, it shows four
 Inferior 9 have fused forming slight bends called normal curves
1. Sacrum: 5  the cervical and lumbar curves are convex
2. Coccyx: 4 (bulging out)
 the thoracic and sacral curves are concave
VERTEBRAE (cupping in)

a. Cervical: 7 ABNORMAL CURVATURES

b. Thoracic: 12  Too much of either
c. Lumbar: 5  Scoliosis (more than 10 degrees of lateral
d. Sacrum: 5 (fused) curvature)
e. Coccyx: 4 (fused)

a. Kyphosis(kuba)–Thoracic spine curves

outward
b. Lordosis –Lumbar spine curves inward
c. Scoliosis –Spine is “S” or “C” shaped
 Levoscoliosis - to the left
 Dextroscoliosis - to the right

SPINAL CURVATURES (* -when viewed from the side) NON-BONY PARTS

 Cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly*
(lordosis)
 Thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly*
(kyphosis)
Front view: should be straight
1. INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS –Between the vertebra
 Non-bony structure
 Between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae from
the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum
 25% of the height of the vertebral column
 Composed of Anulus fibrosis (Annulus fibrosus:
spelling in the book) and nucleus pulposus
(pulposus = pulplike) (annulus = ringlike)

a. Annulus fibrosus –outer fibrous ring consisting

of fibrocartilage
b. Nucleus pulposus –inner, soft, pulpy, highly
elastic substance
2. Anterior longitudinal ligament –wide, strong and
attaches to vertebrae as well as discs (prevents
hyperextension)
3. Posterior longitudinal ligament –narrow and
relatively weak, attaching only to discs
4. Ligamentum flavum –connects the laminae of
adjacent vertebrae

T: Ojas, Reyes, Taculog, Tamayo, Taon, Ubungen; ATC: Torcita; TC: Palos, Serna

 Note the “VERTEBRAL foramen” vs the
“INTERVERTEBRAL foramen”
 VERTEBRAL FORAMEN is at the center, the site for
the spinal cord; INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN is at
the sides, site for the spinal nerves
 Ligaments hold the vertebral column in place
 Spinal cord, “buntot ng utak”
TYPICAL VERTEBRA
STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL VERTEBRA
 Take note that between the body and the spinous
process there is also another process, what we call
the TRANSVERSE PROCESS
 PEDICLE: connection between the transverse
process and the body
 LAMINA: connection between the transverse
process and the spinous process
 Sometimes in some patients kumikipot to
(vertebral foramen) or in cases of trauma,
nadidisplace itong mga buto na to at naiipit yung
spinal cord, and it would be manifested as
CHRONIC PAIN in extremities or back pain, or
sometimes weakness or motor or sensory
problems, at pag nagrequest ng MRI, may naiipit
na spinal cord
 LAMINECTOMY- tinatanggal nila yung lamina, so
yung space lalaki, at yung pressure mawawala,
parang MAGIC yan, eventually mawawala SIYA,
yung sakit, dati kung medyo mahina eventually
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magiging fine motor function yan and even the
sensory function
PARTS OF TYPICAL VERTEBRA
1. Vertebral Body
 Thick, disc-shaped anterior portion, weight-
bearing part of a vertebra
 Superior and inferior surfaces are roughened
for attachment of cartilaginous
intervertebral discs
2. Vertebral Arch
 Formed by two short thick processes, the
pedicles (connects body to transverse
process) posteriorly from the vertebral body
uniting with the flat laminae (connects
posterior spinous process to tranverse
process)
3. Processes
 Transverse process –extends laterally on
each side
 Spinous process (spine) –points of
attachment for muscles
 Two superior articular processes –articulate
with the two inferior articular processes of
the vertebra immediately above them and
two inferior articular processes of that
vertebra articulate with the two superior
articular processes of the vertebra
immediately below them
 Facets
 Articulating surface of the articular
processes
 Covered with hyaline cartilage
 Intervertebral joints
 Articulations forms between vertebral
bodies and articular facets of successive
vertebrae
REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL VERTEBRA
a. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C1-C7)
 C1 (atlas) “T COMES BEFORE THE X”
 C2 (axis)
 Smallest
 Lightest
 Most flexible (para madaling komopya)
 Triangular vertebral foramen
 Transverse processes have foramina (transverse
foramen) yung iba, walang butas ang transverse
foramen
 Yung body ay parang maliit lang siya
 C2 mayroon siyang DENS, ito kasi nag aarticulate
with the inferior portion of the atlas
 Spinous process bifid (forked or they branch into
two small projections at the tips) parang dalawang
fork except for C7
 If you slide your finger dun sa back ng naka bend
ka yung first na bony structure that you can
palpate dun sa back sa neck would be the C7,
SPINOUS PROCESS of the C7 vertebra, while C6
marks the beginning of the esophagus and level of
T10, where the esophagus enters diaphragm
● C1 (atlas) –First cervical vertebra inferior to the
skull
 Ring of bone with anterior and posterior
arches and large lateral masses
 Lacks a body and a spinous process
● C2 (axis) –Does have a vertebral body
 Peg-like process called the dens (tooth) or
odontoid process projects superiorly through
 the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen
of the atlas
 The dens makes a pivot on which the atlas
and head rotate
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● C3- C6 –Correspond to the structural pattern of
the typical cervical vertebra previously described
● C7 or vertebra prominens –Has a large, nonbifid
spinous process that may be seen and felt at the
base of the neck
 First protrusion palpated at the back of the
neck
b. THORACIC VERTEBRAE (T1-T12)
 Heart shaped body
 Additional small costal facets (costal=ribs) for the
ribs
 Round or oval vertebral foramen
 Form posterior part of rib cage and the anterior
part is formed by the sternum
 Mayroon din siyang superior articular process at
inferior articular process
 Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae
 Spinous processes on T1 through T10 are long,
laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly
 Spinous processes on T11 and T12 are shorter,
broader, and directed more posteriorly
 Feature that distinguishes them from other
vertebrae: they articulate with the ribs
 Except for T11 and T12, the transverse processes
of thoracic vertebrae have costal facets that
articulate with the tubercles of the ribs
 Page 10 of 13
c. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (L1-L5)
 Massive block-like bodies
 Short, thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes
 Limited mobility
 Largest and strongest of the unfused bones in the
vertebral column

C. THE THORACIC CAGE

 Thorax –refers to the entire chest region
 Thoracic cage –Skeletal part of the thorax
 Bounded by the sternum (anteriorly), 12
thoracic vertebra (posteriorly) and ribs
(anterolateral and posterior)
d. THE SACRUM  Narrower at its superior end and broader at its
 Shapes posterior wall of pelvis together with the inferior end and is flattened from front to back.
coccyx
 Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae
 Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels and
nerves (sacral plexus and blood vessels)
 Miles operation, anterior posterior resection, a
type of operation for rectal cancer, when we do
removal of the rectum, dapat careful kasi nandito
( sacral area) yung mga blood vessels maraming
blood vessels ang mga lumalabas dyan, that if
you injure them, ang tendency nun magreretract
sila at magtatago sila dun sa butas and they keep
on bleeding without the surgeon able to locate it
para maclamp or mastop or maligate tapos
bulwak na siya ng bulwak ng dugo, and if you
dont control this, it may lead to shock,
hemorrhage, and death, what we do is place a 1. STERNUM
modified thumbtacks, yun yung pinapasok sa  Or breastbone, is a flat, narrow bone located in
sacral foramen para mastop, you put it inside, the center of the anterior thoracic wall that
iprepress mo yun and PRAY measures about 15 cm (6 in.) in length and
consists of three parts
e. COCCYX (THE TAILBONE)  The segments of the sternum typically fuse by
 Triangular in shape like the sacrum age 25, and the points of fusion are marked by
 The coccygeal vertebrae fuse somewhat later transverse ridges
than the sacral vertebrae, between the ages of  Forms the anterolateral aspect of the thoracic
20 and 30 cage
a. Manubrium –The superior part
 Junction of the manubrium and the body is
called the STERNAL ANGLE OF LOUIS–
corresponds with the SECOND costal cartilage

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 TYPICAL RIB Page 11 of 13
b. Body –The middle and largest part is the body
c. Xiphoid process –The inferior, smallest part
 Soft bone, cartilaginous
 So if you want to access the heart,
pericardiotomy, dito ka na magbutas (area
malapit sa xiphoid process) and then you can
remove the xiphoid process tapos open the
pericardium

2. RIBS
 True ribs 1-7 –Directly connected to the
sternum
 False ribs 8-12 (False ribs 8-10) –Connected to
the cartilage of the preceding rib (8,9,10)
 Floating ribs 11,12 –Vertebrochondral ribs
 The cartilages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth
pairs of ribs attach to one another and then to
the cartilages of the seventh pair of ribs

 No attachment to sternum
Costal - refers to the ribs
Subcostal margin - below the lowest rib

VERTEBRAL AND STERNAL ARTICULATIONS Nakakabit yung rib sa body at sa transverse process

D. DISORDERS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

 Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)
 Kyphosis (kuba, mostly near the neck)
 Lordosis (nakatuwad, parang bibi, lower back)
 Vertebral compression fractures (fracture yung
vertebral body, sometimes pati yung spinous
process nya)
 Spinal stenosis (may be secondary to
degenerative changes, or trauma; kumikipot yung
vertebral canal/foramen, what happens is
nacocompress yung spinal cord, one of the
treatment is laminectomy para mawiden yung
foramen)

E. FONTANELS
 Unossified remnants of membranes
 Present at birth
 Anterior fontanel –largest
 Junction between the sagittal and coronal suture
 Ossify before 2 years of age

 Posterior
 Junction between lambdoidal and sagittal
From sa taas, pababa siya, pag may fracture yung rib  Closes first before the anterior
start ka doon (likod/taas) papunta sa anterior portion
(baba), nandun sa level ng INTERVERTEBRAL DISC  Called “soft spots”
nanggagaling ang rib, it is connected above and below  Ossify by 1 ½ - 2 years
 Continue to ossify into adulthood; the sutures
Flat bones –have very active bone marrows, so this is can become fused in old age
the site where you can get bone marrow for bone
marrow transplant

T: Ojas, Reyes, Taculog, Tamayo, Taon, Ubungen; ATC: Torcita; TC: Palos, Serna
 Unpaired anterior fontanel Page 12 of 13
 Location: midline among the two parietal bones SOME ABNORMALITIES (EARLY FUSION) OF
and the frontal bone SUTURES: “Craniosyntosis”
 Shape: roughly diamond-shaped  Limited expansion of the skull due to early
 Closure: 18-24 months after birth fusion of sutures
 Others: largest fontanel, serves as a landmark for
withdrawal of blood for analysis from the
superior sagittal sinus

 Unpaired posterior fontanel

 Location: midline among the two parietal bones
and the occipital bone
 Shape: much smaller than the anterior fontanel
 Closure: generally closes about 2 months after
birth

 Paired anterolateral fontanels

 Location: paired anterolateral fontanels
 Shape: small and irregular
 Closure: 3 months after birth

 Paired posterolateral fontanels

 Location: laterally among the parietal, occipital, MNEMONICS
and temporal bones  CRANIAL BONES –PEST OF
 Shape: Irregularly shaped Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital,
 begin to close 1 to 2 months after birth, but Frontal
closure is generally not complete until 12 months
 FACIAL BONES –Many Monkeys Live In Very
Nice Public Zoos
Mandible, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Conchae, Vomer,
Nasal, Palatine, Zygomatic
 BONES IN THE NASAL SEPTUM –My Very Fine
Nasal SEPtum
Maxilla, Vomer, Frontal, Nasal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid,
Palatine
 BONES OF THE ORBIT –Poor Fat Suzy Likes
Eating Many Zingers
Parietal, Frontal, Sphenoid, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Maxilla,
Zygomatic
 Number of your vertebra corresponds to the
time of your meal
Breakfast –7 Cervical, Lunch –12 Thoracic, Dinner –5
Lumbar

REFERENCES:
 Gerard J. Tortora & Bryan Derrickson’s
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 13th
Edition
 Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Systems
 Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions
 Gray’s Anatomy, 41st Edition
 Doc. Tagorda’s notes and audio recording

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 Page 13 of 13
PRACTICE TEST
Torcita, ZC
1.) Articulation between skeletal elements.
2.) Anterior aspect of skull.
3.) Attachment site for head and neck muscles.
4.) Prominent body ridges divide cranial bones
into.
5.) How many are paired cranial bones?
6.) Appearance of sutures.
7.) Opening of spinal cord.
8.) How many are paired facial bones?
9.) Forms the roof of nasal cavity.
10.) Bone that does not articulate with any other
bone.
11.) How many are the bones in vertebral column
of infant?
12.) Abnormal curvature where cervical and
lumbar vertebra are concave posteriorly.
13.) Degree of lateral curvature in scoliosis.
14.) Non-bony part of vertebral column that
prevents hyperextension.
15.) C2 is also known as.
16.) Vertebrae with round or oval vertebral
foramen.
17.) Vertebrae with hatchet-shaped spinous
process.
18.) Part of sternum that is removed in
pericardiotomy.
19.) Also called as soft spots.
20.) Early fusion of sutures.

TRUE OR FALSE
1.) The adult human skeleton consists of 207
bones.
2.) Parietal and temporal bones are paired cranial
bones.
3.) Ethmoid bone is butterfly-shaped.
4.) Sutures are movable, interlocking joint of flat Craniosyntosis 20.)
Fontanels 19.)
bones. Xiphoid process 18.)

5.) The floor of nasal cavity is formed by palatine Lumbar

Thoracic
17.)
16.)
process of the two maxillae and ethmoid’s Axis 15.)

cribriform plate.
Anterior longitudinal ligament 14.)
10° 13.)
6.) Hyoid bone is an immovable base for the Lordosis 12.)
33 11.)
tongue. False 10.) Hyoid bone 10.)
7.) Kyphosis forms a posterior convex in thoracic False 9.) Cribriform plate of ethmoid 9.)
True 8.) Eight (8) 8.)
and sacral vertebrae. True 7.) Foramen magnum 7.)

8.) Cervical vertebra is the most flexible. False 6.) Saw-toothed

Two (2)
6.)
5.)
False 5.)
9.) Lumbar vertebra forms the posterior part of False 4.) Fossae 4.)

rib cage. False 3.) Cranium 3.)

True 2.) Facial bones 2.)
10.) Posterior fontanel closes after the anterior. False 1.) Joints 1.)

T: Ojas, Reyes, Taculog, Tamayo, Taon, Ubungen; ATC: Torcita; TC: Palos, Serna