THE SKELETAL SYSTEM REVIEWER (Based Axial skeleton – the skull, vertebral column, and

on Ma’am Lo Chapter Test) thoracic cage

Foramen magnum – large hole located in the base of

the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain
to connect

External acoustic meatus – found in the temporal bone

Femur – thigh bone

Glenoid cavity – found in scapula where the head of the

humerus fits

Gout – the disease in which uric acid accumulates in the

blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals
in the soft tissues of the joints

Synarthrosis – immovable joints

Calcium and phosphorus – most important minerals

stored in bones

LONG BONES
o Humerus (2) – Arm
o Radius (2) – Forearm
FIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
o Ulna (2) – Forearm
1. Supports the body o Metacarpals (10) – Hand
2. Protection for internal organs o Phalanges (28) – Fingers
3. Facilitate movement o Femur (2) – Upper Leg
4. Storage of minerals o Tibia (2) – Lower Leg
5. Hematopoiesis production o Fibula (2) - Lower Leg
Hemopoiesis – blood cell formation o Metatarsals (10) – Foot
o Phalanges (28) – Toes
Yellow narrow is a storage area for fats. o Clavicle
Flat bones – thin, flattened and typically curved
SHORT BONES
bones such as ribs and sternum. o Scaphoid (2)
Sharpey’s fibers – type of fiber connecting the o Lunate (2)
periosteum to the underlying bone o Triquetrum (2)
o Hamate (2)
Foramen – round or oval opening hole through a o Capitate (2)
bone which contains blood vessels and/or nerves o Trapezoid (2)
o Trapezium (2)
Tuberosity – large rounded projection on a bone o Talus (2)
o Navicular (2)
Simple fracture – fracture where the bone breaks
o Cuboid (2)
cleanly but does not penetrate the skin o Calcaneus (2)
Appositional growth – increase in bone diameter o Medial Cuneiform (2)
o Intermediate Cuneiform (2)
- Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at o Lateral Cuneiform (2)
age 40
FLAT BONES Compound structure – the broken bone is exposed
o Sternum to the outside
o Ribs
o Skull Communited fracture – where bone is broken into
o Scapula many fragments

SESAMOID BONES Greenstick fracture – a fracture that is common in

o Patella children, whose bones have relatively more collagen
o Pisiform in their matrix and are more flexible
o 1st Metatarsal bone
o In the distal 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones Compression fracture – a fracture that is common in
osteoporotic bones
IRREGULAR BONES
Squamous suture - suture found between the parietal
o Hip
and temporal bone
o Vertebrae
o Skull
Fontanels – fibrous connection between the bones of
o Ears
a fetal skull
o Atlas
o Coxal bone Hyoid bone – the only bone of the body that does
not directly articulate with any other bone
Articular cartilage – type of tissue that covers the
epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints Sella turcica – part of sphenoid bone
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to Transverse foramina – found in the cervical vertebrae
store adipose tissue.
Atlas – first cervical vertebrae
Epiphyseal plate – indicates that bone length is
increasing Ribs (superior to inferior): true ribs, false ribs, floating
ribs
Canaliculus – tiny canal connects central canals to
lacunae in compact bone Three bones of sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid
process
Osteoclasts – bone cells that respond to parathyroid
hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release Forearm bones: Ulna and radius
calcium into the blood
Coccyx – tail bone
Fossa – boney marking; a shallow, basin-like
depression in a bone often serving as an articular The distance between the female ischial spines is
surface greater than the male.

Haversian canal - The canal that runs through the

core of each osteon contains blood vessels and nerve
fibers.

Lacunae – small cavities in bone tissue where

osteocytes are found

Hyaline cartilage – forerunner of long bones in the

embryo

Fibrous membranes - It is involved in the formation

of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the
clavicles.

The factor that determines where bone matrix is to
be remodeled is stresses of gravity and muscle pull
on the skeleton.
Four stages in the healing of a bone fracture:
1. Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling
Intercondylar fossa – structure found on the femur
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of
movement are amphiarthroses, whereas articulations
permitting no movement are called synarthroses.
Carpals – wrist bones
Ossification – bone formation
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells
within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones.
The arrangement of lamellae around central
(Harversian) canals forms osteons.
Isolated osteoclasts respond to the parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
The master gland of the body (pituitary gland) is
housed in a saddle-like depression in the sphenoid
bone called the sella turcica.
The last two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs
because they have no anterior attachments.
The zygomatic bones form the cheekbones.
The spinal cord passes through the cavity called
“vertebral foramen”.
The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and
absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.
In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is
the fibula.
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five
Plumbar vertebrae.
Spinal curvatures that are present at birth are called
primary curvatures (the thoracic and sacral
curvatures) and those that develop later are
secondary curvatures (the cervical and lumbar
curvatures).
Plane, hinge, and pivot joints are all types of synovial
joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that
affects membrane around joints.
Gouty arthritis (Gout) – disease resulting from
accumulating of uric acid crystals
Osteoarthritis – disease of the aged in which articular
cartilage is affected
Bursitis – inflammation of bursae associated with
synovial membranes
Rickets – diseases of children in which bones fail to
calcify
Fractures – bone breaks
Osteoclasts – cells that can dissolve the bony matrix
Lamellae – layers of calcification that are found in
bone
Canaliculi – small channels that radiate through the
matric of the bone
Osteoblasts – cells that can build bony matrix
Epiphyseal plate – area where bone growth takes
place
Plane joint – wrist joint
Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder joint
Hinge joint – elbow joint
Knuckle joints – condylar joint
Pivot joint – joint between atlas and axis
STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE
1. Diaphysis – a.k.a shaft; makes up most of the
bone length
o Composed mostly of compact bone
o Protected by the periosteum
2. Metaphysis - The regions between the
diaphysis and the epiphyses
3. Epiphysis – ends of the long bones
o Consists of a thin layer of compact
bone enclosing an area filled with
spongy bone
o Protected by an articular cartilage
4. Periosteum – outside covering of the
diaphysis
5. Sharpey’s fibers – secure periosteum to
underlying bone
6. Endosteum – thin CT membrane lining the
inner cavities of bone
7. Articular cartilage – covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
o Made of hyaline cartilage
o Decrease friction at joint surfaces
8. Epiphyseal plate – a flat plate of hyaline
cartilage that cause the lengthwise growth of
bone
9. Yellow marrow - Used for stored energy and
cell production.
10. Red marrow - the site of blood cell
production
11. Arteries - Supply bone cells with nutrients
12. Medullary cavity – cavity of the shaft
STEPS IN THE REPAIR PROCESS OF A SIMPLE
FRACTURE
1. Hematoma formation – caused by rupture of
blood vessels
2. Formation of fibrocartilage callus – growth of
new capillaries; masses of repair tissues (calluses)
close the gap between broken bones.
3. Formation of bony callus – replacement of
fibrocartilage by spongy bone.
4. Bone Remodeling