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C10 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL (ANS) 2021

QUESTION 3 Organism X has single circulation where blood


goes to the gill capillaries and then to the body
(a) Open circulatory system - the blood does not tissues.
flow in blood vessels, but in the spaces between
cells. Examples: grasshopper and housefly Organism Y has double circulation where the
pulmocutaneous circulation carries blood towards
Closed circulatory system - the blood only flows the heart while systemic circulation carries blood
inside blood vessels. Examples: human, bird and towards the body tissues.
fish
Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in
(b) Open circulatory system organism X are not mixed, while oxygenated
Contraction of the heart: haemolymph is pumped blood and deoxygenated blood in the organism Y
into the spaces in the body, known as the are mixed.
haemocoel.

Exchange of substances between the haemolymph


and body cells occurs through diffusion.

Relaxation of the heart: haemolymph flows from


the haemocoel through the ostia to the heart

The ostium has valves to prevent the backflow of


haemolymph into the heart.

Closed circulatory system

The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood into the


right atrium whereas the pulmonary vein carries
oxygenated blood into the left atrium.

Contraction of the atria: blood is forced into the


two ventricles respectively

Contraction of the ventricles: deoxygenated blood


from the right ventricle flows through the
pulmonary artery into the lungs; at the same time
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle flows
through the aorta and is then distributed to the
whole body

(c) Similarities:

Both are closed circulation where blood flows


within the blood vessels.

Both have hearts to pump blood to body tissues.

Differences:

Organism X has a two-chambered heart while


organism Y has a three-chambered heart.

TTC BIOLOGY Page 1


C10 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL (ANS) 2021
QUESTION 4

Similarities:

Closed circulatory system (blood flows in blood


vessels in a closed loop)

Differences:

Organisms Amphibian Mammalian Fish


Type of circulation Double closed Double closed complete Single closed complete
incomplete

Separation of Incomplete (there is Complete (there is no Complete (there is no


oxygenated and some mixing of the mixing of the mixing of the
deoxygenated blood oxygenated and oxygenated and oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood in deoxygenated blood in deoxygenated blood in
the ventricle) the ventricle) the ventricle)

Number of chamber in Three (2 atria, 1 Four (2 atria, 2 ventricle) Two (1 atria, 1 ventricle)
the heart ventricle)

Present of septum Absent Present Absent

-Mammalian circulatory system is more efficient


because oxygenated blood and deoxygenated
blood do not mix and flow under high pressure

- Thus, supply of blood is fast enough to active


tissues and contains adequate oxygen and
nutrients.

TTC BIOLOGY Page 2


C10 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL (ANS) 2021
QUESTION 5 QUESTION 10

Similarities: Similarity:

• Has blood, heart and blood vessels ■ Both carries oxygenated blood

• Closed, blood flow in blood vessels ■ Both structure of the walls are three layers
Differences: ■ The walls are made up of smooth muscles
Fish Human Differences:
Structure of One atrium and Two atria and
the heart one ventricle two ventricles Blood vessel Q Blood vessel P
(aorta) (pulmonary vein)
Only Oxygenated Aorta Pulmonary vein
deoxygenated and
blood flows deoxygenated Blood flow away Blood flow into the
through the blood are not from heart heart
heart mixed in the
Thick, muscular / Thin, less muscular /
ventricles
elastic less elastic

Type of Closed and Closed and to withstand high for low blood pressure
circulation single double pressure
Lumen size / diameter
Blood flows Blood flows Lumen size / diameter is large
through the through the is small
Have valves
heart only once heart twice
Have no valve
Need to maintain the
No need to maintain blood flow one way
the blood flow one
Carries blood from the
way
lung to the heart
Carries blood from
the heart to all parts
of the body

TTC BIOLOGY Page 3


C10 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL (ANS) 2021
QUESTION 11 QUESTION 12

(a) • The heart generates pressure to pump the (d) Causes:


blood through the vessels.
Deposited of cholesterol on the wall of artery due
• The valves in the heart ensure that blood flows to excessive intake of high cholesterol food
only in one direction.
Narrowing the artery reduced the blood flow and
• Heart muscles are myogenic which contract and increase blood pressure
relax automatically throughout life/not controlled
Effect:
by the nervous system.

• It starts with the Sino-atrial node (SAN) which Less oxygen and nutrients supply to the cells
acts like a pacemaker which initiates heartbeat. Less energy generated due to decrease in cellular
• Then it generates a wave of impulses which respiration
spread to the two atria. causing numbness/tingling sensation on leg due to
• Then the atria contract simultaneously causing lack of blood flow
blood to be forced out to the ventricles. might develop varicose vein due to excessive
• The atria-ventricular node (AVN) is then pressure on vein and causes enlargement of vein
stimulated. Impulses are conducted by the bundle
(e)
of His and Purkinje fibres to the ventricular walls.
X Y
• Both ventricles contract to pump the blood out of Artery Vein
the heart.
Thick/ more elastic / Thin /less elastic / less
• The right ventricle pumps the blood into the muscular wall to muscular wall
pulmonary artery, then forces the blood to the withstand higher
lungs. blood pressure Big lumen

• The left ventricle generates greater pressure to Small lumen Present of valve
pump the blood through the aorta to other arteries
So that there is faster Valves prevent the
in the body.
flow of blood in X backflow of blood

Transport
No valve
deoxygenated blood
Transport oxygenated (except pulmonary
blood (except vein)
pulmonary artery)
To transport carbon
To supply oxygen to dioxide from the body
the body cells cells

TTC BIOLOGY Page 4

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