DPS

IGCSE-BIOLOGY

TOPIC: TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

BY MICHAEL SIR

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Circulatory system
• Definition: the circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to
ensure one-way flow of blood.
• The vessels are the tubes through which the blood flows.
• The pump is the heart which keeps blood flowing through the vessels.
• Valves are structures that keeps blood flowing in one direction and prevents its
backflow.

Note that:
1. the blood vessels that takes blood to the lungs and back are called pulmonary system
2. the blood vessels that takes blood to the rest of the body and back are called systemic
system

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Types of circulatory system
• Single circulatory system
• Double circulatory system

Descriptions:
• Single circulatory system is a system in which blood passes through
the heart once on one complete circuit of the body. This happens in
fishes.

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Fig 1: Single Circulatory system
With the single circulatory system,
deoxygenated blood flows from the
heart under high pressure into the
gills.
In the gills, blood is oxygenated and
pressure is lost. From the gills,
oxygenated blood flows with low
pressure to other parts of the body.
Blood flows or travels slowly in the
body of a fish.

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Descriptions:
• Double circulatory system is a system in which blood passes through the heart twice
on one complete circuit of the body. This happens in mammals.
With the double circulatory system,
deoxygenated blood flows from the
heart under high pressure into the
lungs.
In the lungs, blood is oxygenated and
pressure is lost. From the lungs,
oxygenated blood flows with low
pressure back into the heart for more
pressure.
Blood then flows under higher pressure
again from the heart to other parts of
the body.
Blood flows or travels faster in the body
of a mammals. 5
Advantages of double circulatory system over
single circulatory system
• Double circulatory system increases the pressure of blood flow (blood
flows faster in the mammals body).
• Oxygen and nutrients in blood are supplied quickly to organs of the
body.

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 The heart
• The heart is made up of muscles called the cardiac muscles. These muscles contracts
and relaxes regularly, through life. The heart is divided into four chambers called,
• The two upper chambers called the atria ( singular: atrium) and two lower chambers
called the ventricles.
• The heart is separated into deoxygenated blood(right) and oxygenated blood (left)
parts by a muscle called septum.
• Veins are vessels that carries blood to the heart. The biggest vein of the heart is
called the vena cava.
• The vena cava receives blood from the body first into the heart.
• Arteries are vessels that carries blood away from the heart. The biggest artery of the
heart is called the aorta.
• The aorta carries blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
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Structure of the heart

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Structure of the heart

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 Veins, Arteries and Valves of the heart
• Pulmonary arteries: arteries that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the
lungs.
• Pulmonary veins: veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart.
• Tricuspid valve: the tricuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the
right ventricle.
• Bicuspid valve (mitral valve): the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left
atrium into the left ventricle.
• Pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
• Aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Note that:
1. All valves allows liquids to flow in one direction, therefore they prevents liquid (blood) from flowing
backwards.
2. Tricuspid and bicuspid valve together are called the atrioventricular valves.
3. Pulmonary and Aortic valve together are called semilunar valves. 10
Differences in muscle wall thickness
• Atria and ventricles have different functions. The atria receives blood
from either the lungs and other parts of the body whiles ventricles
pumps blood out of the heart and all around the body.
• Therefore, ventricles have much thicker and more muscular walls than
atria.

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Differences between the Left ventricle and right ventricles

• The left ventricles have thicker walls than the right ventricles.
• This is because the left ventricles pump blood to the rest of the body
under high pressure whiles the right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs under an almost low pressure which are much closer to the
heart.

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Blood flow through the heart

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Heart beat
• Most people’s heart beat 60 to 75 times a minute when at rest.
• A good way to measure your heart beat is to check or take your pulse rate.
• Pulse rate: this is the expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the
heart pushing blood through it.
• This also means that, your pulse rate is the same as your heart beat.
• Two good places to check your pulse are your wrist and the side of your
neck.
• The activities of the heart can be monitored by: ECG (electrocardiograph),
pulse rate and listening to the closing of the valves.

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How the heart beats
• The heart beats as the muscles in its walls contract and relax. When
they contract, the heart becomes smaller, squeezing blood out.
• When they relax, the heart becomes larger, allowing blood to flow into
the atria and ventricles.
• As the walls of the atria contract, they increase the pressure of the
blood in the atria.
• This pushes down on the atrioventricular valves, swinging them open
like doors and allowing blood to flow through, down into the ventricles.
• But when the ventricles contract, the valves are pushed closed again by
the pressure of the blood in the ventricles.
• The tendons attached to them stop them from swinging up too far they
have to stop in the ‘closed’ position.
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How the heart beats

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ECG

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Research/Assignment
• What is coronary heart disease?
• What are the causes of coronary heart diseases?
• How can coronary heart diseases be prevented?

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Arteries
• They have smaller lumen
than veins which have
larger lumen.
• They have thick and strong
walls
• They have more elastic
tissues than veins.
• It is relatively narrow.
• Have no valves in them
because they carry blood
flowing under high
pressure.
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Veins • They have larger lumen than arteries.

• They have thin walls

• They are Less elastic tissues than

arteries.

• It is relatively wide.

• Have valves in them because blood

flowing through veins are under low
pressure.

• Veins are much closer to the skin

than arteries
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Veins
• Veins have valves in them to stop
the blood flowing backwards
• Valves are not needed in the
arteries, because the pressure
produced by the heart keeps
blood moving forwards through
them.
• Blood is also kept moving in the
veins by the contraction of
muscles around them.
• The large veins in your legs are
squeezed by your leg muscles
when you walk. This helps to push
the blood back up to your heart.

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Capillaries
• They function by taking oxygen,
nutrients and other materials to
all the cells in the body.
• Capillaries are smaller divisions
of arteries(arterioles) and
veins(venules).
• Capillaries connect arterioles to
venules to allow the exchange of
materials dissolve in the blood.
• They are very thin.
• They are very narrow.
• The walls of the smallest
capillaries are only one cell thick. 22
Blood vessels

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Naming blood vessels

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Naming blood vessels

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Blood
• Blood is a liquid that contains cells.
• The liquid part of blood is called plasma.
• The components of blood are:
• blood plasma: transports blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones
and carbon dioxide.
• red blood cells.
• white blood cells.
• blood platelets.

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The components of blood

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Blood vessels
• There are three main kinds of blood vessels:

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

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Blood cells
• There are three blood cells in the body.

• 1. Red blood cells

• 2. White blood cells
• 3. Platelets

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 • Their function is to carry oxygen with
Red blood cells haemoglobin throughout the body. When
oxygen combines with haemoglobin it becomes
oxyhaemoglobin.
• They are biconcave/disc shape.
• They are red because they contain a red pigment
called haemoglobin (a blood protein which
contains iron).
• Red blood cells do not have nucleus, this is to
make room/space for haemoglobin.
• The have large surface area to volume ratio. This
speeds up the diffusion of oxygen in and out of
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White blood cells
• Their function is to fight diseases (pathogens) in the body.
• They have nucleus
There are two main types of white blood cells in the body.
1. Lymphocyte
2. Phagocyte

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 Lymphocytes
• These white blood cells
produces antibodies to
fight diseases/disease
causing organisms in
the body.
• They have a large
round nucleus that
almost fills the cell.

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Phagocytes
• These white blood cells
fight pathogens by
engulfing and digesting
them. This process is
called phagocytosis.
• They have lobed
nucleus.

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Phagocytosis

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 Platelets cells
• These are blood cells that
helps in blood clotting.
• They are small/tiny
fragments of cell.
• They have no nucleus.

Note that:
Blood clotting prevents blood
loss and the entry of
pathogens in the body through A photomicrograph of blood. The blood has been coloured
breaks or cuts in the skin. with a stain to make the different kinds of cell show up clearly.
(x1500) 36
How does blood clot?
• When there is a cut through the skin, blood

plasma is exposed.

• Blood plasma releases a soluble blood protein

called fibrinogens. These fibrinogens are taken

up by blood platelets.

• This fibrinogens are then converted to form an

insoluble proteins called fibrins.

• These fibrins form a fibres of mesh.

• The mesh traps all the red blood cells and other
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materials flowing out to form a clot.
How does blood clot?

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Blood plasma

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