CARDIOVASCULA

R SYSTEM
• The cardiovascular system is sometimes
called the blood-vascular, or simply the
circulatory, system.
• It consists of the heart, which is a
muscular pumping device, and a closed
system of vessels called arteries, veins,
and capillaries.
• Humans and other vertebrates have a
closed circulatory system
• This means that circulating blood is
pumped through a system of vessels
• This system consists of the heart
(pump), series of blood vessels and
the blood that flows through them.
 THE HEART
• Located near the center of your chest
• Hollow structure
• Composed almost entirely of muscle
• About the size of your clenched fist
• Enclosed in a protective sac called the
pericardium
• In the walls of the heart, two layers of
tissue form a sandwich around a thick
layer of muscle called the myocardium.
• Contractions of the myocardium
pump blood through the
circulatory system.
• The heart contracts about 72
times per minute
• Pumps about 70mL of blood with
each contraction.
• The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a septum, or wall.

• The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood.
• On each side of the septum are two chambers.

• The upper chamber (receives blood) is the atrium.

• The lower chamber (pumps blood out of heart) is the ventricle.

• The heart has a total of 4 chambers:

• 2 atriums
• 2 ventricles
 PATHWAY OF BLOOD

•Deoxygenated
blood passes
from the right
atrium into the
right ventricle
and then goes
to the lungs.
• From the
lungs, blood
moves back
toward the
heart into the
left atrium to
the left
 VALVE
ventricles. S
• As the heart contracts, blood flows into the ventricles and then out through the

• Flaps of connective tissue, called valves, are located between the atria and
ventricles.
• Blood moving keeps the valves open.
• When the ventricles contract, the valves close which prevent blood from flowing back
into the atria.
• There are also valves that stop blood from re-entering the ventricles after the blood
has
left.
• This system of valves keeps blood moving in one direction which increases the
pumping efficiency of the heart.
 HEART
BEAT
• Heart muscles are composed of individual fibers

• Each atrium and ventricle contracts as a unit.

• Each contraction begins with a group of cardiac muscle cells in the right
atrium known as the sinoatrial node (SA node)
• Because the SA node paces the heart it is known as the pacemaker.

• The impulse spreads from the pacemaker to the rest of the atria.

• From the atria, a signal is sent to the atrioventricular node and then to
a bundle of fibers in the
ventricle.

• When the ventricle contracts, blood flows out.

 BLOOD VESSELS
• As blood moves through the circulatory system it moves
through 3 types of blood vessels:
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins

• ARTERIES:
• Distributing channels
• Large vessels
• Carry blood from heart to tissues of body
• Carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of
pulmonary arteries.
• Thick walls-need to withstand pressure produced when
heart pushes blood into them.
• They carry blood high in oxygen known as oxygenated
blood (oxygen rich blood).
• Capillaries:
• Smallest blood vessels
• Walls are only one cell thick and very narrow.
• Important for bringing nutrients and oxygen to tissues and
absorbing CO2 and other waste products.

• Veins:
• Draining channels
• Once blood has passed through the capillary systems it must be returned to the heart.
• Done by veins
• Walls contains connective tissue and smooth muscle.
• Largest veins contain one way valves that keep blood flowing toward heart.
• Many found near skeletal muscles. When muscles contract, blood is forced
through veins.
They carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide known as deoxygenated blood (oxygen poor blood).
 FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
• Transport nutrients, hormones
• Remove waste products
• Gaseous exchange
• Immunity
• Blood vessels transport blood
• Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Also carries nutrients and wastes
• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
 CIRCULATIO
N
• Coronary circulation – the circulation of blood within the
heart.
• Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart
and lungs.
• Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and
the cells of the body.
• Fetal Circulation
• Portal circulation - the flow of blood between two set of
capillaries before draining in systemic veins.
PORTAL CIRCULATION CORONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION FETAL CIRCULATION
 DISORDERS
• Atherosclerosis
• Fatty deposits (plaque) in walls of arteries

• Deposits can obstruct flow of blood which can raise

blood pressure
• Increases risk of blood clots
• If clot breaks free it can obstruct blood flow to tissues.
• Heart Attack
• Due to atherosclerosis, coronary arteries may
become blocked (blood can’t get to heart
muscle)
• Heart muscle begins to die due to lack of O2
• Stroke
• Blood clot may break free and block a vessel leading to the brain.
• Brain cells are starved of oxygen and nutrients
• Loss of function may occur
• Can cause paralysis, loss of ability to speak or death.