Organismal

Biology
Course Outcome 2B

Circulation
General Biology 2
 CIRCULATION

 The cardiovascular system is

transport system of body
 It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
 The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste
products from various tissue
of body.
 The conveying media is liquid
in form of blood which flows
in close tubular system.
 CIRCULATION

FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Transport nutrients, hormones
 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
 Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

BLOOD
•The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
•Blood cells

1- Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells

2- Leucocytes – White Blood Cells
3- Thrombocytes – Platelets

•Plasma is fluid portion

COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

BLOOD VESSELS

•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes

•These includes:
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
 CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION

Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.
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PORTAL CIRCULATION
Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
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The Heart
Located near the center of your
chest

Hollow structure

Composed almost entirely of

muscle

About the size of your clenched

fist
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
 CIRCULATION

The Heart
Enclosed in a protective sac
called the pericardium
In the walls of the heart,
two layers of tissue form a
sandwich around a thick
layer of muscle called the
myocardium.

Contractions of the
myocardium pump blood
through the circulatory
system.
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The heart contracts about 72 times per minute

Pumps about 70mL of blood with each contraction.

The right and left sides of the

heart are separated by a
septum, or wall.

The septum prevents the

mixing of oxygen rich and
oxygen poor blood.
 CIRCULATION

• On each side of the septum are The heart has a total of 4

two chambers. chambers:

• The upper chamber (receives

blood) is the atrium. 2 atriums
2 ventricles
• The lower chamber (pumps
blood out of heart) is the
ventricle.
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Valves
• As the heart contracts, blood flows into the ventricles and
then out through the ventricles.

• Flaps of connective tissue, called valves, are located

between the atria and ventricles.

• Blood moving keeps the valves open.

• When the ventricles contract, the valves close which

prevent blood from flowing back into the atria.
 CIRCULATION

Valves
• There are also valves that stop blood from re-entering the
ventricles after the blood has left.

• This system of valves keeps blood moving in one direction

which increases the pumping efficiency of the heart.
 CIRCULATION
Pathway of Blood
 CIRCULATION

Blood Vessels
As blood moves through the
circulatory system it moves
through 3 types of blood
vessels:

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
 CIRCULATION

Arteries
• Large vessels

• Carry blood from heart to tissues of body

• Carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of pulmonary

arteries.

• Thick walls-need to withstand pressure produced when

heart pushes blood into them.
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Capillaries
• Smallest blood vessels

• Walls are only one cell thick and very narrow.

• Important for bringing nutrients and oxygen to tissues

and absorbing CO2 and other waste products.
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Veins
• Once blood has passed through the capillary systems it must be
returned to the heart.

• Done by veins

• Walls contains connective tissue and smooth muscle.

• Largest veins contain one way valves that keep blood flowing toward
heart.

• Many found near skeletal muscles. When muscles contract, blood is

forced through veins.
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size of
your fist
• Location:
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
 CIRCULATION
FUNCTION OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
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Pathway of Blood
 CIRCULATION

Blood
Plasma Plasma proteins
Straw colored 3 Types: Albumins, globulins
and fibrinogen.

90% water Albumins and Globulins-

10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients,
enzymes, hormones, wastes, and
proteins.
transport substances such as
fatty acids, hormones and
vitamins.
Fibrinogen- Responsible for
blood’s ability to clot
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Blood
Red Blood Cells
• Most numerous type
• Transport oxygen
• Get color from
hemoglobin
• Disk shaped
• Made in red bone marrow
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Blood
White Blood Cells
Guard against infection, fight
parasites, and attack bacteria

Number of WBC’s increases

when body is fighting

Lymphocytes produce antibodies

which fight pathogens and
remember them
 CIRCULATION

Blood
Platelets
Aid the body in clotting

Small fragments

Stick to edges of broken

blood cell and secrete
clotting factor to help form
clot.
 CIRCULATION

Blood Clotting Problems

Hemostasis
-the process the stops the blood loss from injured vessel and
provides a framework for repairs.

Hemophelia
Genetic disorder that disrupts clotting

People must be very careful to avoid injury

Can be treated by injecting extracts that contain the missing clotting

factor.
 CIRCULATION

Blood Pressure
• The heart produces pressure

• The force of blood on the wall of the arteries is known as

blood pressure.

• Blood pressure decreases as the heart relaxes, but the

rest of the circulatory system is still under pressure.
• Normal < 120/80
• Hypertension 1 >= 140/90
• Hypertension 2 >= 160/100
 CIRCULATION

Disorders of Circulatory System

Atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits (plaque) in walls of arteries

Deposits can obstruct flow of blood which can raise blood pressure

Increases risk of blood clots

If clot breaks free it can obstruct blood flow to tissues.

 CIRCULATION

Disorders of Circulatory System

Heart Attack

Due to atherosclerosis, arteries may become blocked (blood can’t

get to heart muscle)

Heart muscle begins to die due to lack of O2

 CIRCULATION

Disorders of Circulatory System

Stroke
Blood clot may break free and block a vessel leading to the brain.

Brain cells are starved of oxygen and nutrients

Loss of function may occur

Can cause paralysis, loss of ability to speak or death.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM