CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM and BLOOD

Have you tried ordering a Pizza?
CIRCULATION inside our body.
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
1. Generating blood pressure
2. Routing blood
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
4. Regulating blood supply
5. Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and
gases with tissues
 Anatomy of the Heart
• Adult Heart
– shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately the size of a closed fist
– positioned obliquely between the lungs in the mediastinum
– APEX : blunt, rounded point of the heart.
• Directed anteriorly and slightly inferiorly
• located deep to the 5th intercostal space to the left of the sternum and medial to
the midclavicular line,
– BASE : larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart.
• directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly
• located deep to the sternum and extends to the 2nd intercostal space.
Anatomical Position of the Heart
 Pericardium
• also pericardial sac, is a double layered, closed sac that surrounds
the heart
• Fibrous pericardium - tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer
– prevents overdistension of the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum
• Serous pericardium - thin, transparent, inner layer of simple
squamous epithelium
– parietal pericardium; part of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous
pericardium
– visceral pericardium: part covering the heart surface
 Layers of the Heart Wall
– Pericardial cavity: separates
epicardium and serous pericardium
• Epicardium (visceral
pericardium): : outermost layer
• Myocardium: middle muscular
layer, responsible for heart’s
contraction
• Endocardium: lines the heart and
its valves
 The Great Vessels of the Heart
• Superior vena cava (SVC) - receives blood from upper body
• Inferior vena cava (IVC) - receives blood from lower body
• Coronary sinus - drains blood from heart
• Pulmonary trunk - right and left artery
– Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
• Pulmonary veins (four) - return oxygenated blood to heart
• Ascending aorta - carries oxygenated blood out to body
– Branches: Brachiocephalic, (L) common carotid, (L) subclavian
– Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal
 Heart Chambers
• The heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
• Right Atrium – has 3 major openings
– SVC and IVC : receive blood from the body
– Coronary sinus : receives blood from the heart itself
• Left Atrium - receive blood from the four pulmonary veins
• Right Ventricle - opens into the pulmonary trunk. Pumps blood
into the lungs
• Left Ventricle - opens into the aorta. Pumps blood through the
systemic circulation
 Heart Valves
• Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
• allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles but prevent
blood from flowing back into the atria
– Tricuspid valve
• Between right atrium and right
ventricle
– Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
• Between left atrium and left ventricle
– Cusps attach to ventricles by
chordae tendineae
 Heart Valves
• Semilunar valves (SV valves)
• keeps blood from flowing back into the ventricles
– Pulmonary valve
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary trunk exits the heart
– Aortic valve
• Left ventricle
• Ascending aorta leaves the heart
 Route of Blood Flow through the Heart
• Pulmonary Circulation
– carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns it to the left atrium of
the heart
– In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs, and
oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood.
• Systemic Circulation
– Delivers oxygenated blood and its nutrients to all the remaining tissues of
the body.
– From those tissues, carbon dioxide and other waste products are carried
back to the right side of the heart
 Conduction System of the Heart
• A conducting system relays action potentials through the heart
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: Pacemaker of the Heart; initiates impulse.
Located medial to the opening of the superior vena cava
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse to AV bundle
• AV Bundle of His: passes through the interventricular septum
and sends impulses to both sides of system: the right and left
bundle branches
• Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to myocardial cells
 Action Potential
• Action potentials in cardiac muscle last longer than those in skeletal
muscle
• Depolarization also causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to begin to
open
• Phases of Action Potential (Cardiac)
Phase 0 – depolarization
Phase 1 – early repolarization
Phase 2 – Plateau
Phase 3 – late repolarization
Phase 4 - latent
 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• The normal ECG consists of a P
wave, a QRS complex, and a T wave
• P wave - atrial depolarization
• QRS complex- ventricular
depolarization.
– also atrial repolarization but it is
overlapped by the former
• T wave - ventricular repolarization
• PR interval
• QT interval
 Cardiac Cycle
• refers to the repetitive pumping process that begins with
the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the
beginning of the next contraction
• The normal cardiac cycle is 0.7–0.8 second
• Systole: contraction phase
• Diastole: relaxation phase
 Events of Cardiac Cycle
I. Atrial systole: Period of active ventricular filling
II. Ventricular systole: Period of isovolumetric contraction
III. Ventricular systole: Period of ejection
IV. Ventricular diastole: Period of isovolumetric relaxation
V. Ventricular diastole: Period of passive ventricular filling
 Heart Sounds
• Sound produced by closure of valves
• Best heard by applying the stethoscope at particular sites in
relation to the heart valves
• S1 and S2 (primary heart sounds)
 Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics
• Blood Pressure is measure of the force blood exerts against
blood vessel walls.
• Measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
• Health professionals often use sphygmomanometer
• Korotkoff sounds – sound that is produced by blood flow
vibrations in the blood and surrounding tissues that can be
heard through the stethoscope.
• Systole: first distinct sound, Diastole: sound disappears
• Normal BP is <120/80 mmHg
Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics
Blood Pressure Classification in Adults
Systolic Blood Diastolic Blood
Pressure (mm Hg) Pressure (mm Hg)
Normal blood
pressure <120 <80
Prehypertension 120−139 80−89
Stage 1
hypertension 140−159 90−99
Stage 2
hypertension ⩾160 ⩾100
 Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics
• Cardiac Output – the amount of blood that leaves the
ventricles per minute, expressed in L/min
– CO = HR × SV
• Stroke Volume –the volume of blood ejected with each
myocardial contraction
• Heart Rate – number of heart beats per minute
• Venous return - the amount of blood returning to the heart
from the systemic circulation
 Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Types of Blood Vessels
– Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. thicker and stronger
than veins.
– Arterioles: small arteries attach to capillaries
– Capillaries: the most common blood vessel type. gas nutrient
and waste exchange
– Venules: connect capillaries to veins
– Veins: vessels that carry blood toward the heart. less elastic
than arteries, contain valves
End of part 1
 Anatomy of Blood Vessels
• Arteries and veins have three layers
– Tunica intima: innermost layers
– Tunica media: middle layer
– Tunica adventitia/externa: outer layer
• Lumen: blood vessel cavity
• Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels
 Functions of the Blood
1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
2. Transport of processed molecules
3. Transport of regulatory molecules
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
5. Maintenance of body temperature
6. Protection against foreign substances
7. Clot formation
 The Blood
• type of connective tissue consisting of a liquid matrix
containing cells and cell fragments
• PLASMA (55%): liquid matrix
• FORMED ELEMENTS (45%) : cell fragments
• The total blood volume in the average adult is about 4–5 L
in females and 5–6 L in males
• makes up about 8% of the total weight of the body
 Composition of the Plasma
• Plasma is the liquid part of blood, pale yellow
fluid in nature
– It is a colloid which is a liquid containing
suspended substances that do not settle out of
solution
• Fluid portion of blood is 91% water
• Plasma proteins: 7%
– Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
• Plasma solutes: 2%
– Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes,
hormones
 The Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
– 95% of the volume of blood cells
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
– Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils
– Agranular: monocytes,
lymphocytes
• Thrombocytes: platelets
 Production of Formed Elements
• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
– the process of blood cell production
– occurs in tissues such as the yolk
sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph
nodes, and red bone marrow
• All the formed elements of the
blood are derived from a single
population of stem cells called
hemocytoblasts
 Red Blood Cells
• Males have about 5.4 million /μL RBCs
• Females have about 4.8 million/μL RBCs
• Biconcave disks; shape increases the cell’s surface area
• No nucleus; can bend or fold around its thin center
• Reticulocyte - immature red blood cells
• The primary functions of red blood cells are:
– to transport oxygen from the lungs to the various body
tissues
– to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
 Red Blood Cells
• Hemoglobin - main component of the red blood cell.
pigmented protein which occupies about one-third of the
total cell volume and accounts for its red color.
– Hemoglobin has two components:
• Heme: binds O2
• Globin: binds CO2
• RBCs normally stay in the circulation for about 120 days
• Bilirubin – yellowish color, breakdown by-product of heme.
 White Blood Cells
• White blood cells lack hemoglobin but have a
nucleus
• Protect the body against invading
microorganisms and remove dead cells and
debris from the body
 Granular Leukocytes
• Neutrophils
– 60–70% of white blood cells
– the first line of defense of the body
– phagocytize bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes (antigens and antibodies
bound together), and other foreign matter.
• Eosinophils
– 2–4% of white blood cells
– important in the defense against certain worm parasites
– releases chemicals that modulate inflammation such as in allergic reactions
• Basophils
– 0.5–1% of white blood cells
– Releases histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin, which
prevents clot formation
 Agranular Leukocytes
• Lymphocyte
– 20–25% of white blood cells
– regulation of the immune system and contributes to allergic
reactions
– B lymphocytes : Produces antibodies and other chemicals
responsible for destroying microorganisms
– T lymphocytes : graft rejection, tumor control
• Monocyte
– 3–8% of white blood cells
– Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a
macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell
fragments, and other debris within tissues
 Platelets
• Platelets or thrombocytes
– Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus
– Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels are
damaged
– Produced from large megakaryocytes
• Forms platelet plugs and releases chemicals
necessary for blood clotting
• Performs a major role in hemostasis
 The Clotting Mechanism: Hemostasis
• the stoppage of bleeding which is very important to the
maintenance of homeostasis.
• Three major events:
1. Vascular Spasm is the immediate but temporary constriction of a
blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the
vessel contracts
2. Platelet Plug Formation accumulation of platelets that seal small
breaks in blood vessels
3. Coagulation. formation of a blood clot which is a network of
threadlike protein fibers, called fibrin
 Blood Grouping
• the surfaces of red blood cells have molecules called
antigens and the plasma includes proteins called
antibodies
• Agglutination: clumping of the cells occurs when the
antibodies in the plasma bind to the antigens on the
surfaces of the red blood cells
• the antigens are often called agglutinogens
• the antibodies are called agglutinins
ABO Blood Group
 Rh Blood Group
• D Antigen
• Rh-positive if they have a certain Rh antigen
• Rh-negative if they do not have this Rh antigen
• Antibodies against the Rh antigen do not develop unless an Rh-
negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)/ erythroblastosis fetalis
– mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
– No problem in first pregnancy
– Dangerous in subsequent pregnancy
– Prevention by RhoGAM
Thank You for
Listening!