LITERA TURE literatura Literature (n) literatura/litteratura letter or handwriting The entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people. all written accounts, including texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature in the Philippines Colonial 21st Century Period Pre-colonial Period
Spanish The Philippine
Colonization Republic American 1987 Colonization Constitution Japanese January 1, Colonization 2001 Pre-colonial Literature Philippine Pre-Colonial Literature • ancestors’ daily observations about life, explanations for natural phenomena, and beginnings of rituals • passed on through oral tradition • Written in baybayin. 1.Proverbs/Salawikain ✔Practical observations and philosophy of everyday life usually expressed with a rhyming scheme. “Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.” “Kung walang tiyaga, walang nilaga.”
Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature
2.Riddles/Bugtong ✔Observations, but phrased to demand answers to test the wits of those who are listening. “Heto na si Kaka, bubuka-bukaka” “Hindi hari, hindi pari, damit ay sari-sari.” Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature 3.Folk Songs ✔Beautiful songs that are informal expressions of ancestors’ experiences in life. ✔Sonorous, didactic like children’s songs. ✔Ranges from courtship, lullabies, harvest, funerals Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature 4.Myth & Legends/Alamat ✔Stories of origin of places, fruits, animals. ✔Explain certain events or phenomena in our ancestors’ lives that cannot be explained by limited science back then. Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature 5.Epics/Epiko ✔Long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and misadventures ✔Based on the traditions and superstitions of the region. ✔Heroes usually have superhuman capabilities that had to undergo certain trials and challenges to achieve his goal.
Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature
Templates of an Epic 1. most of these epics are designated by names which means song, or chant 2. episodic and proceed through constructions that are en palier. 3. abound with supernatural characters – the diwatas, anitos, and other benign spirits who come to the aid of the hero. 4. reflective of the society where they originate 5. there are always several versions of these epics, as well as a proliferation of episodes, phenomenon that is explained by orality of the genre and its transmission through the ages
Philippine Pre-Colonial Forms of Literature
Spanish Literature Literature in the Philippines Colonial 21st Century Period Pre-colonial Period
Spanish The Philippine
Colonization Republic American 1987 Colonization Constitution Japanese January 1, Colonization 2001 Spanish Period Literature •“Divide et impera” •Replaced pre-colonial literature with the Christian values and beliefs • The promise of eternal life •Doctrina Christiana (1593) Forms of Spanish Period Literature 1. Religious Prose and Poetry • teaching catechism and the Spanish language. • dalit, novena Forms of Spanish Period Literature ⮚Pasyon ⮚Komedya/Moro-Moro ⮚Cenaculo ⮚Carillo ⮚Duplo/Karagatan ⮚Tibag ⮚Zarzuela Forms of Spanish Period Literature 1. Secular Prose and Poetry • Awit- dodecasyllabic • Korido-octosyllabic Spanish Period Literature Famous Literary Authors 1. Francisco Baltazar 2. Jose Corazon de Jesus 3. Jose Rizal 4. Marcelo H. del Pilar The Nationalistic Period • Late 19th Century focused on nationalistic writings • Propaganda and Revolution • Lead by Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, Del Pilar, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Mabini • Shift from “intellegentsia” to the masses Literature in the Philippines Colonial 21st Century Period Pre-colonial Period
Spanish The Philippine
Colonization Republic American 1987 Colonization Constitution Japanese January 1, Colonization 2001 American Literature American Period Literature •English is the medium of instruction in the schools. •Style of writing is highly imitative of the Americans. •Jose Garcia Villa, “Art for art’s sake” •“Golden Age of Philippine Literature” TWO PERIODS • Period of Apprenticeship • Dead Stars, The Small Key, Footnote to Youth, Child of Sorrow • Period of Emergence • Before the war and Japanese Occupation • Arguilla, Rotor, Gonzales, Arcellana, Santos Arts for Art’s Sake •Emphasis on aesthetics than utilitarianism •Jose Garcia Villa – The Coconut Song, 1929 •Angela Manalang Gloria- Poems, 1949 The Coconut Song, JG Villa The coconuts have ripened, They are like nipples to the tree. (A woman has only two nipples, There are many women-lives in a coconut tree.) Soon the coconuts will grow heavy and full. I shall pick up one … many. Like a child I shall suck their milk, I shall suck out of coconuts little white songs. I shall be reminded of many women. … I shall kiss a coconut because it is the nipple of a woman Forms of Literature 1. Poetry- socially communicative poems 2. Short Stories- Paz Marquez Benitez, Dead Stars, 1925 3. Essays- Jeorge Bocobo, College Uneducation, 1942 4. Novels- A Child of Sorrow, Zoilo Galang, 1947 Japanese occupation Japanese Literary Period • Different from the traditional Balagtas writing that is verbose, rhetorical, and figurative • Filipinos wrote in the vernacular, Nihonggo, and English • Poets wrote in simple language and free verse Japanese Literary Period •Ako ang Daigdig by Alejandro Abadilla •Portray Filipino Life and Culture: Short Story •Flowering of a Tagalog Short Poetry •Launching of the Palanca Awards contemporary Literature Literature in the Philippines Colonial 21st Century Period Pre-colonial Period
Spanish The Philippine
Colonization Republic American 1987 Colonization Constitution Japanese January 1, Colonization 2001 Contemporary Literature • focused on self-expression and social commentary • Featured upheavals in nation’s history • Covered martial law years • Merging of traditions • The “bagay” movement- appropriate, or object Valediction sa Hillcrest Pagkacollect ng Railway Express sa aking things (derecho na iyon sa barko while I take the plane), inakyat kong muli ang N-311, at dahil dead of winter, nakatopcoat at galoshes akong nagturn right sa N wing ng mahabang dilim (tunnel yatang aabot hanggang Tundo). Kinapa ko ang switch sa hall.Sa isang pitik, nagshrink ang imaginary tunnel, nagparang ataol. -Rolando S. Tinio Contemporary Literature •Gave responses to historical and political forces •Martial Law- “literature of circumvention,” 21 Century st
Literature Literature in the Philippines Colonial 21st Century Period Pre-colonial Period
Spanish The Philippine
Colonization Republic American 1987 Colonization Constitution Japanese January 1, Colonization 2001 21 Century Literature st
• all literary works written and published at
the latter part of the 21st century (from 2001 onwards). • gender sensitive, technologically alluding, culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme reality or extreme fiction, and questions conventions and supposedly absolute norms.