GROUP 3 – SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM = is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones
at birth - this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bone get fused together.

COMPONENT
The skeletal system is consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage.
* Bones, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the
support structure of the body.
* Cartilage = is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock
absorber throughout your body.

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

* Protects our delicate organs like brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs.
* Supports specifically it gives shape to our bodies; holds our vital organs in place; and it enables us to
achieve a good posture.
* Moves wherein our muscles use our bones to cause movements.
* Produces blood. Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, humerus,
vertebrae and femur.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES

BONE FEATURES FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES

CLASSIFICATIONS
Long Cylinder-like shape, longer Leverage Femur, tibia, fibula,
than it is wide. metatarsals, humerus, ulna,
radius, metacarpals,
phalanges.
Short Cube-like shape, Provide stability Carpals, tarsals
approximately equal in support, while
length, width & thickness allowing for some
motion.
Flat Thin and curved Points of Sternum, ribs, scapulae,
attachment for cranial bones.
muscles,
protectors of
internal organs.
Irregular Complex shape Protect internal Vertebrae, facial bones
organs.
Sesamoid Small and round, Protect tendons Patellae
 embedded in tendons. from compressive
forces.

Joints = are connections between bones or bone and cartilage in the human skeleton.

There are two classifications of joints:

1.Structural classifications consider how adjacent bones are anchored together, either by connective
tissue or within a joint cavity.
2.Functional classifications describe the range of movement available at the joint, ranging from
immobile to slightly movable to •freely movable joints. The movement available at a joint is related to
its functional requirements. Immovable joints, formed by fused bones, provide protection and limited
cushioning.
•Slightly movable joints have restricted motion due to bone and connective tissue structure.
• Freely movable joints, found in the upper and lower extremities, allow for extensive movement and
are important for motor performance. °Examples of freely movable joints include the shoulder, elbow,
wrist, hip, and knee joints.

Skeletal System-is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following critical
functions for the human body:

1.Protects – our delicate organs need protections.

2.Supports - our body needs a framework.
3.Moves - our muscles use our bones to cause movement.
4.Produces Blood - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs,humerus,
vertebrae and femur.

*Kinds of joint Movements*

1.Flexion-(bending)-is movement of a segment of the body causing a decrease in the angle at the point.

2.Lateral flexion-(bending sideways)-and it can occur to both the right and the left.

3.Horizontal flexion-is a body segment flexes through the horizontal plane.

4.Dorsiflex-(dorsal flex)-is when the ankle is flexed, causing the top of the foot to draw closer to the
tribia.

5.Plantar flexion-(actually extension)-is the opposite movement at the ankle.

6.Extension-(straightening)-is movement in the opposite direction of flexion which causes an increase in
the angle at the joint.

7.Horizontal Extension- occurs when the body segment extends through the horizontal plane.

8.Hyperextension-is extension of a body segment to a position beyond it’s normal extended position.

9.Abduction-is movement of a body segment in the lateral plane away from the midline of the body.

10.Adduction-is movement of a body segment toward the midline,as moving the arm from the outward
horizontal position downward to the vertical position.

11.Rotation-is movement of a segment around its own longitudinal axis.

12.Pronation-is rotation of the hand and forearm downward, resulting in a”palm-down”position.

13.Supination-is rotation of the hand and forearm upward, resulting in a “palm-up”position.

14.Inversion-is rotating of the foot turning the sole inward.

15.Eversion-is rotation of the foot turning the sole outward.

16.Circumduction-is a circular movement of a body segment,such as swinging the arm in a circular

movement about the shoulder joint.

17.Elevation-is when the shoulder is lifted upward as in shrugging the shoulders.

18.Depression-is when lowering of the shoulder girdle.

19.Protraction-is movement of the shoulder girdle away from the midline of the body, resulting in
broadening of the shoulders.

20.Retraction-a movement of the shoulder girdle toward the midline of the body, resulting in a
narrowing of the shoulders.

°Skeletal System and Sports°

 The whole skeletal system (including bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage and tendons) contribute
to sports performance.
 The function of the skeleton in sports is also to provide rigidity and structure to the body,as well
as providing strength to the body.
  The skeletal systems contribution in sport includes the allowance of movement in many
different groups of bones to do so.Bones also provide leverage which is essential in sport,and
they act as a structure of muscles.

THE MAIN PARTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

 SHOULDER
 SKULL
 ARMS
 STERNUM
 HIP GIRDLE,
 RIBS
 LEGS.

PLANES OF THE BODY

Body Planes – Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into sections.

 Sagittal Plane – Divides body into left and right portion.

 Coronal Plane (frontal plane) – Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
 Transverse Plane (cross-sectional plane) – Divides body into superior and inferior portions.

Muscular system - is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits
movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular
systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be
completely autonomous.

5 main functions of the muscular system are :

 movement
 support
 protection
 heat generation
 blood circulation

ROLES of the MUSCLES

 Our muscle can only contract or relax, and under normal conditions contractions results only
from a series of nerves impulses.
 Our muscle may contact fully or partially, with maximum Force or less.
  Our muscle may contact isometrically or isotonically, singly (in rare instances) or a member of a
group. Because Muscles can contract in these different way, they have the ability to act in
different roles and to change quickly from one role to another.

AGONIST (primary mover). A muscle is a mover when its concentric concentration contributes to the
desired movement of a segment of the body. For instance, in flexion at the elbow, the biceps brachii is a
Mover.

ANTAGONIST. A muscle is antagonistic to a movement when it must Relax to allow the movement to
occur. Antagonist Muscle cause action opposite those cause by the agonist muscle. For instance, in
performing triceps extension exercise, the antagonist muscle is the biceps.

MAIN PART OF MUSCLUAR SYSTEM AND MAJOR MUSCLER GROUP OF THE HUMAN BODY

(BOYS ONLY)

 FRONT VIEW
 CHEST
 OBLIQUES
 ABDUCTOR
 SHIN
 DELTOID
 BICEP
 ABS
 QUADRICEPS

 BACK VIEW
 TRAPEZIUZ
 INFRASPINATUS
 TRICEPS
 LATS
 GLUTES
 HAMSTRING
 CALVES

(GIRL ONLY)

 FRONT VIEW
 PECTORALIS MAJOR
 BICEPS
 ABDOMINALS
 SARTORIUS
 ABDUCTOR
 TRAPEZIUZ
 DELTOID
 SERRATUS ANTERIOR
 EXTERNAL OBLIQUES
 BRACHIORADIALIS
 FINGER FLEXOR
 QUADRICEPS
 GASTROCNEMIUS
 TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
 SOLEUS

 BACK VIEW
 LATISSIMUS DORSI
 BRACHIORADIALIS
 FINGER EXTENSORS
 HAMSTRING
 INFRASPINATUS
 TERES MAJOR
 TRICEPS
 GLUTEUS MEDIUS
 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS