Unit 3.

Musculoskeletal System

Pre-reading:
I. Brainstorm the diagram below. Discuss about the musculoskeletal system and its functions.
1. What are the component parts of the musculoskeletal system?
2.What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

digestio
stability n motion

posture
temperature
MUSCULOSKELETAL regulation
SYSTEM
vision
organ
protection
circulation respiration
childbirth

Vocabulary

Bone  [ bəʊn ]- calcified connective tissue

Muscle [ ˈmʌsl ] - tissue capable of contracting to effect bodily movement
Joint [ dʒɔɪnt ]-articulation between two or more bones
Skeleton [ ˈskel.ɪ.tən ] - internal solid structure aimed to protect the organs and tissues of a
vertebrate organism
Cartilage [ ˈkɑː.təl.ɪdʒ ] -tough elastic tissue composing most of the embryonic 
skeleton of vertebrates
Ligament [ ˈlɪɡ.ə.mənt ]-any physical or abstract connection or bond
Marrow [ ˈmær.əʊ ] - fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones
Vertebra [ ˈvɜː.tɪ.brə ] – irregular bones that make up the vertebral column, pl.vertebrae
Rib [ rɪb ]- curved bones articulated with the vertebrae
Stria [ ˈstraɪ.ə ] -  thin, narrow groove or channel

Text A. Musculoskeletal System

 The musculoskeletal system contains bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints, and
Motion-
muscles. The main function of the system is support, protection, motion, and
movement,
motility, maintenance of static skeletal and postural support. The components of the system
mobility constitute a significant proportion of the body and the greatest part is built up of
Posture-pose, connective and muscle tissues. The musculoskeletal system is classified into sections
position
responsible for passive and active movements.

Text A. Bones
The bones are the principal organs of support and the passive instruments of
locomotion. As anatomical structures they are complex, forming a specialized
Withstand-
connective tissue which is one of the hardest tissues of the human body with a great
resist-bear up
ability to withstand mechanical stress. The biological functions are associated with
their composition, i.e., the predominately mineral extracellular matrix (calcium and
Channel-canal,
passage, groove phosphorus). Bones are made up of two types of bone tissues: compact bone which is
the solid, hard outside part of a bone with numerous channels carrying blood vessels
and nerves; cancellous bone which looks like a sponge and this is where bone marrow

Harbour- keep, is found.

hold on Connected together in the skeleton, they form a framework of hard material which
Girdle- belt,
bund affords attachment to the muscles, protects the vital organs and harbours the
Appendicular- hemopoietic system of the bone marrow. The adult human skeleton usually consists of
related to limbs 206 bones of which 34 are single and 86 are paired. The skeleton has two divisions:
Extremity –
Accommodate-
limb, hands and the axial skeleton and the appendicular one. The axial skeleton includes the bones of
feet contain,
hold,
seat, lodge the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk. These bones form the central axis for the

Injury-lesion, whole body and protect many of the internal organs such as the brain, lungs, and
Articulate-
trauma heart. The head or skull is divided into two parts consisting of the cranium and facial
linkup, connect,
unite, join bones. These bones surround and protect the brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral
Cavity – hollow, cavity from injury. The muscles for chewing and moving the head are attached to the
pocket, hole cranial bones. The cranium accommodates the brain and consists of the frontal,
Pectoral -
thoracic parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The facial bones surround
Swallowing- the mouth, nose, and eyes, and include the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine,
deglutition
Innominate- nasal, and lacrimal bones. The hyoid bone is a single U-shaped bone suspended in the
nameless neck between the mandible and larynx. It is a point of attachment for swallowing and
speech muscles. The trunk of the body consists of the vertebral column, sternum, and
Cap- top, cover rib cage. The vertebral or spinal column is divided into five sections: cervical
vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Located between
each pair of vertebrae, from the cervical through the lumbar regions, is an intervertebral disk. Each disk is
composed of fibrocartilage to provide a cushion between the vertebrae. The rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs
attached at the back to the vertebral column. Ten of the pairs are also attached to the sternum in the front.
The lowest two pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to the vertebral column. The rib cage
serves to provide support for organs, such as the heart and lungs.
The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower
extremities. These are the bones for our extremities or limbs and along with the muscles attached to them,
they are responsible for body movement. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula bones or
shoulder blade. It functions to attach the upper extremity, or arm, to the axial skeleton by articulating with
the sternum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly. The bones of the upper extremity include the
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals or wrist, metacarpals, and phalanges. The pelvic girdle is called the
innominate bone or hipbone. It contains the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It articulates with the sacrum
posteriorly to attach the lower extremity, or leg, to the axial skeleton. The lower extremity bones include the
femur or thigh bone, patella or knee cap, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Comprehension check:
II. Answer the following questions:
1.What is the musculoskeletal system?
2. What are bones? What do they form?
3. What does the skeleton consist of?
4. What are the bones of the head?
5. What are the bones of the trunk?
6. What are the bones of the upper extremities?
7. What is the pelvic girdle? What does it serve to?
8. What are the bones of the lower extremities?

III. Fill in the gaps:

1. Musculoskeletal system consists of: bones, cartilages, ligaments, (1)___________, and
(2)___________.
2. Adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones of which (3)______ are single and (4) ____ are paired.
3. Vertebral column is divided into five sections: (5) _______ vertebrae, (6)_______ vertebrae, (7)________
vertebrae, (8)___________, and coccyx.
4. Axial skeleton includes the bones of the head, (9)__________, spine, (10)___________, and trunk.
5. Appendicular skeleton consists of the (11)__________, upper extremities, (12) __________, and lower
extremities.
IV. Complete the table:

Medical terms Lay terms

Carpals Wrist
Knee cap
 Femur
Innominate bone Hipbone
Sternum
Spinal column/ spine/ backbone
Rib cage
Lower extremity limb
Upper arm Arm
Scapula

V. Paraphrase the underlined words:

1. Bones form a (1) framework __________of hard material which (2) affords __________attachment to the
muscles, and protects the (3) vital __________organs.
2. Muscles for (4) chewing __________and (5) moving __________ the head are attached to the cranial
bones.
3. The (6) lower __________two pairs of ribs are called floating and (7) are attached __________only to
the vertebral column.
4. Pelvic girdle (8) articulates __________with the sacrum (9) posteriorly __________to unite the lower
(10) extremity __________ to the axial skeleton.

VI. Consult the dictionary. Find the meaning of the idioms below:

Idiom Meaning

1.a bone of contention a.to study intensively for an exam

2.to the bone b. to act and speak openly

3.have a bone to pick with c. the subject of a dispute, discussion

4.make no bones about d.  thoroughly and completely

5.bone up e. to have grounds for a quarrel

Written production:
VII. Write a report on the topic:
Bone health and diet
(100-150 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________ .

Video material: Joints https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfiUnhAHt8Q

Pre-viewing:
I. Write your own definition for the term joint (anat.) using the following words: articulation, bones, motion.
Joint- _________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary

Hyaline [ˈhaɪ.ə.lɪn] - clear and translucent, with no fibres

Meniscus [məˈnɪs.kəs] - anterior view of a knee joint. pl. menisci
Bursa-  small fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between movable parts of the body, pl. bursae
Synovial-lubricating fluid secreted by membranes in joint cavities, sheaths of tendons, and bursae
Condylar [kŏn′dīl′, -dl] - rounded
prominence at the end of a bone, for articulation with another bone
Feature [ˈfiːtʃə(r)] - any part of the face, as the nose, chin, or eyes
Gomphosis -  type of immovable articulation, as of a tooth inserted into its bony socket, pl.
gomphoses
Syndesmosis - articulation in which the bones are joined by a ligament, pl. syndesmoses
Alveolus [æl.viˈəʊ.ləs] capillary-
rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
 takes place, pl. alveoli

Post-viewing:
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the types of joints?
a. synovial joints_____________b._____________________________c._______________________
2. What is the classification of joints based on range of motion?
a_______________________________b.____________________________c.___________________
d.______________________________e._____________________________f. plane joints
III. True or false:
1. Synovial joint is a rare joint found in the human body. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Articular surfaces of a synovial joint are covered in elastic cartilage. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Lateral and medial menisci are found in the knee joint. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Bursae act to reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons which are located over bony joints. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Fibrous joints exhibit high mobility. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. The types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. In a cartilaginous joint, the bones are connected by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Joints that can move back and forth along a single axis are called uniaxial. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Hinge joints do not allow movement around the frontal axis. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Ligaments increase the stability of the joint and do not restrict movement. T/F
_______________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Complete the table with information related to type of joints and type of motion that they
perform:

types of joints: ball and socket joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, plane
joints
types of motion: rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, circumduction.

Type of joint Movements of joints

Saddle

Pivot allows rotational movement

Ball-and-socket

Plane

Hinge allows flexion/extension movements

 Condylar

V. Complete the table:

Singular Plural
Bursa Bursae
Alveoli
Meniscus
Gomphosis
Syndesmoses
Vertebrae

Written production:
VI. Write an article about the importance of prevention of joint disorders for the overall health:
Joints health matters
(100- 150 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
.

Pre-reading:
I. Brainstorm the cloud words related to the word ‘muscle’. How do they interact with each other?
Vocabulary

Muscle [ˈmʌsl]- fibers tissue aimed to produce bodily movement

Striped- lined,
Bundle [ˈbʌn.dl̩ ]- groups of fibers
striated, banded
Fibre [ˈfaɪ.bər]- extracellular filamentous structures
Contraction-
Tendon [ten´don]-  inelastic collagenous tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone 
tightening, narrowi
Wrap [ ræp ]- cover, envelop, or encase
ng, shortening, co
Fascia [ ˈfeɪ.ʃə ] sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping smooth  muscle
mpression, diminut
Myoneural- neuromuscular
ion, constriction
Myocardium [ˌmaɪ.əˈkɑː.di.əm ]- muscular tissue of the heart, pl.myocardia
Consciously-
Squeeze [ skwiːz ]- exert pressure on, as by way of extracting liquid
knowingly, of
Subconscious [ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs ] - acting or existing without one's awareness
one’s own free
will

Appearance- Text B. Muscles

aspect, look Muscles are bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers. As these fibers contract
(shorten in length) they produce movement of or within the body. The movement
Layer- covering,
may take the form of bringing two bones closer together, pushing food through the
coat, stratum
digestive system, or pumping blood through blood vessels. In addition to producing
Junction- movement, muscles also hold the body erect and generate heat. The special
connection, union
characteristics of the muscular tissue are irritability (excitability), contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
Irritability is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone.
Contractility is the property which enables muscles to change their shape and become shorter and thicker.
Extensibility means that the muscles can be stretched or extended. Elasticity is the ability to recoil or bounce
back to the muscle's original length after being stretched.
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Muscle tissue may
be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary muscles are those muscles for which a person consciously
chooses to contract and for how long and how hard to contract them. The skeletal muscles of the arm and leg
are examples of this type of muscle. Involuntary muscles are the muscles under the control of the
subconscious regions of the brain. The smooth muscles found in internal organs and cardiac muscles are
examples of involuntary muscle tissue.
Skeletal Muscle are fascia, motor neurons, myoneural junction, striated muscles, tendon.

A skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to a bone and produces voluntary movement of the
skeleton. It is also referred to as a striated muscle because of its striped appearance under the microscope.
Each muscle is wrapped in layers of fibrous connective tissue called fascia. The fascia tapers at each end of
a skeletal muscle to form a very strong tendon. The tendon then inserts into the periosteum covering a bone
to anchor the muscle to the bone. Skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons of the nervous system.
The point at which the motor nerve contacts a muscle fiber is called the myoneural junction.

Smooth muscle, or visceral muscle. Smooth muscle tissue is found in association with internal organs. For
this reason, it is also referred to as visceral muscle. The name smooth muscle refers to the muscle’s
microscopic appearance; it lacks the striations of skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the
hollow organs, such as the stomach, tube-shaped organs, such as the respiratory airways, and blood vessels.
It is responsible for the involuntary muscle action associated with movement of the internal organs, such as
churning food, constricting a blood vessel, and uterine contractions.

Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, makes up the wall of the heart. With each involuntary contraction the heart
squeezes to pump blood out of its chambers and through the blood vessels.

Comprehension check:
II. Answer the following questions:

1.What is the muscle?

2.What are the functions of the muscle?
3. What is the striated muscular tissue?
4. What is the smooth muscle tissue?
5.What is the cardiac muscle tissue?

III. Derivatives:
Visceral, or 1.(smoothly, smoother, smooth)__________ muscles 2.(to be) __________ found inside organs
such as the stomach and intestines, as well as in blood vessels. It is called so, because, unlike skeletal
muscle, it 3.(not have)__________ the 4.(band, banded, banding) __________ appearance of skeletal or
cardiac muscle. The 5.(weak)__________ of all muscle tissues, visceral muscles contract to 6.(moving,
moved ,move)__________ substances through the organ.  Because visceral muscle is controlled 7.(of, by,
upon)__________ the 8.(unconscious, un-conscious, unconsciouss)__________ part of the brain, it is 9.
(knew, known)__________ as involuntary muscle, as it cannot 10.(be, being, been) __________ controlled
by the conscious mind.

IV. Complete the table:

Functions of the muscular tissues

Skeletal muscular tissue Smooth muscular tissue Cardiac muscular tissue

V. What word the following groups of synonyms are related to?

M_____________E

1. Musculus 2. Strength
tendon power
sinew weight
thew potency

Written production:

VI. Make up a leaflet on the topic: Tips to build muscle strength

Types of muscles Tips to build muscle strength Quiz