THORACIC LIMB

Thoracic Limb- also known as forelimb

four regions of thoracic limb- Shoulder, Arm, Forearm, Manus

Pectoral Girdle/Shoulder Girdle- consists of left and clavicle and scapula

incomplete in dogs.
-Scapula
-Consist of three bones: Clavicle, coracoid (removed in dogs), and scapula
-there’s no direct articulation in the dogs. There’s no proximal articulation but distal
articulation.

Antebrachium (forearm)- radius and ulna

Ulna- more caudal and well-developed lateral

Radius- cranial bone of the front limb medial

Manus- carpus, metacarpals, phalanges and dorsal and palmar sesamoid bones

Brachium (Arm)- consists of humerus

Humerus- bone that represent the arm

SCAPULA
- only bone found in the shoulder of the dog like a leaf
-have triangular shape
-flat bone

Parts of the scapula

Articular depressions

Glenoid Cavity- (also, glenoid fossa)

-where the head of humerus is attached
Supraglenoid Tubercle- tubercle found above the glenoid fossa
Infraglenoid Tubercle- tubercle found below the glenoid fossa

Spine- transects it directly in the middle so there are two fossae produce
Supraspinous Fossa- above the spine
Infraspinous Fossa- below spine
Acromion/Acromial process- he cranial turberosity you can found in the spine of the scapula

Caudal- serratus ventralis is attached here

-attached to muscles
-serrated

supra- above

infra- bottom
Subscapular Fossa-behind the scapula
-deepest depression of the medial side of the scapula

Clavicle-vestige
-not found in xrays (not bones)
-found in the intersection of brachiocephalicus muscle
-tendinous intersection ( no longer a bone) of brachiocephalicus

coracoid process- hook structure in two supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

-reduce into process in the scapula

HUMERUS
` bone of the arm
-long bone
-has 2 epiphysis and 1 diaphysis

Head- smooth in structure

-articular structure
-flung with 2 tubercle

Greater Tubercle-Larger
-found in the later side (lateral) of humerus

Lesser Tubercle- smaller

-found in the medial side of humerus

Intertubercular Groove- found cranial of the humerus between the two tubercle

Non-Articular Projections- tubercle

Distal- where the claw is located

Deltoid Tubercle-deltoideus is attached here

-can be found int the lateral surface of humerus

Shaft- cylindrical in shape

-cranial surface has serrated surface
-different muscle originating or inserting on this part

Condyles-knuckles
-lateral condyle= greater tubercle

Trochlea- a pulley-shaped structure

where radius ulna articulates

Olecranon Fossa- caudal fossa

Radial Fossa- on the cranial surface of the humeral condyle

Supratrochlear Foramen- foramen that connects olecranon and radial fossa

Malleolus- articulates with a set of carpal bones

Caudal surface-rough
-where ulna articulates

Cranial surface- smooth

-convex shape
-cranial muscles attached here

Olecranon- big structure of ulna

Olecranon Tuberosity- the point of elbow

distal is less massive than its proximal

Anconeal process- serves as collateral in the articulation with the humerus

limiting factor

MANUS
Carpus- 7 carpal bones

Proximal Row- from the radial to the ulnar side

Distal Row- numerical designation in the same direction as the proximal row

Metacarpus- 5 long bones one for each digit

1- smaller metacarpus than the rest

Digits-5 bones homologous to fingers of man

-each has 3 phalanges

1st phalanx- articulates with corresponding metacarpal bone proximally and 2nd phallanx distally

Sesamoid Bones- are developed along the course of the tendon or in joint capsules
distal sesamoid bone- 1
proximal sesamoid bone- 2

Small sesamoid bones- situated on the extensor side of metacarpophalangeal joint and often at proximal
interphlangeal joint.

Intermedioradial Carpal Bones- fussion of radial and intermediate carpal bone

-largest among the carpal bones
--medial side

Ulnar Carpal Bone- On the lateral side, opposite of the pollux

--medial side

Accesory carpal bone- most caudal among them

-medial side
There 7 carpal bones- 3 in its proximal row
- 4 in its distal row

Metacarpal Bones-palmar bones

-5 os present on dogs
-actually fibrous attachment in between them making the dog palm rigid

Pollex-1st digit
-vestige
-no use (dew claw)= -the last digital bone that is not touching the ground can ingrown itself

Phalanges- known as digital bones

-proximal, distal, and medial are the parts
distal phalanx- where claw is located
-germinal tissue where claw grows

Synsarcosis- false joint between scapula and bony thorax

comprised by 7 muscles

Pectoral muscles-one muscle that connects from ventral side of the forelimb

Arthroidal Joint-capable of movement of shoulder flexion and extension

elbow joint-composite joint composed of 3 bones

humerus ulna and radius

Carpus/Carpal joint-distal end of radius + proximal row of carpal bones

proximal row+ distal row of carpal bones
disral row of carpal bones + proximal ends of phalanges

metacarpophalangeal joint- distal metacarpal bone and the proximal ends phalanges

proximal interphalangeal joint- between (1st) proximal and (2nd) middle phalanges

distal interphalangeal joint- between (2nd) middle and (3rd) distal phalanges and distal sesamoid bones

extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limbs- the muscles that connect the actual bones/forelimb to the body
of the dog

pectoral muscle- found in the pectoral region of the dog

superficial, deep- types of pectoral muscle

superficial pectoral- most superficial int the ventral region of the thorax