Bones of the Skull and Mandible

 The Head  The Skull

- Complex of bones formed in both membrane and
1. Mesaticephalic cartilage
- The Cranial and facial regions are the same  2 Parts of Skull
length and width a. Cranial Bones (Cranium)
- The cranial region is roughly square and wide - encasing the brain
- Presence the elevation of the skull termed as the  Calvaria- dermal-bone roof
stop or point, from the level of the face to the b. Facial Bones
higher level of the cranium at the junction of the - surrounds the entrances to the
cranium and facial region. digestive and respiratory systems.
 Other bones articulated:
Example: Beagle, Jack Russel Terrier, and 1. Mandible
Labrador Retriever. 2. Ear Ossicles
3. Hyoid Apparatus
2. Dolichocephalic 4. 1st cervical vertebrae (occipital bone)
- Long and narrow head
- the cranial and facial regions are still of the same CRANIUM
length and width. Paired Bones (FPT) Unpaired Bones (BOPIE)
- the eyes are smaller and closely spaced together Frontal Basisphenoid
Parietal Occipital
but still fits well in the orbital region.
Temporal- squamous Presphenoid
- the lower jaw is sometimes notably shorter than (ventral),tympanic and Interparietal
the upper jaw (BRACHYGNATHISM) petrous parts Ethmoid Bone
 Example: Chihuahua, Greyhound,
PAIRED BONES OF CRANIUM
Miniature Pinscher

1. Frontal Bone
3. Brachycephalic
- Situated between cranium and face
- Short and wider head
2. Parietal Bone
- The facial region is shorter than the cranial
- Dorsolateral part of the cranial wall
region
 External Sagittal Crest
- The stop of the cranium is very pronounced.
- median ridge formed by the parietal and
- The eyes are often widely spaced and usually
interparietal
protrude from the orbit (exopthalmia)
- varies in height and may be absent.
- The lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw
3. Temporal Bone
(PROGNATHISM)
- Caudoventral part of the lateral surface of skull
 Example: Pekingese, Boston Terrier,
 3 Parts of Temporal Bone
Buldog, Pug and Shih tzu.
a. Squamos
 Clinical Conditions:
-bears the zygomatic process
a. Malocclusion
b. Tympanic
- the set of teeth is arranged in
c. Petrous
various locations and positions
- dens portion
(an undesirable set of teeth)
 Tympanic Bulla
- Bulbous enargement of the tympanic part of
b. Difficulty in nasal breathing leading
temporal bone,
to open-mouth breathing.
- Encloses the middle ear cavity and its ossicles.
c. Difficulty in swallowing caused by  External Acoustic Meatus
dermatologic problems such as skin - Also known as “auditory canal”
folds. - Located on the lateral side of the tympanic bulla.
 Promontory
d. Dystocia (leading to Cesarean - Barrel-shaped eminence of the ventral surface of the
section) petrosal part of the temporal bone
- Contains cochlear window.

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 Bones of the Skull and Mandible
 Mastoid Process 1. Maxilla
- Where the mastoid part of cleidocephalicus and - Contributes to the formation of lateral walls of face.
splenius attaches. - Contains upper cheek teeth and upper canine.
 Mandibular Fossa 2. Incisive Bone
- Articulates with the condyle of the mandible to form - Bears 3 upper incisor teeth and has long nasal process
the temporomandibular joint. that articulates with the maxilla and nasal bone.
3. Lacrimal Bone
 3 bones of ear: - Small bone situated near the medial canthus of eye
1. Andvil (incus) forming parts of the orbit and the lateral wall of face.
2. Hamer (malleus) 4. Palatine Bone
3. Stapes (stirrup) - Located between maxilla, sphenoid and pterygoid
bones
UNPAIRED BONES OF CRANIUM  Hard Palate
- composed of horizontal parts of palatine,
1. Occipital Bone
maxillary and the incisive bones.
- Forms the caudalsurface of the skull
 Choanae
 Occipital Condyle
- also called posterior nares
- articulates withatlas to form the atlanto-occipital
- openings of the right and left nasal cavities
joint.
into the nasopharynx.
 Paracondylar Process
- ventral projection of the occipitalbone
 Horizontal Plate- forms the hard palate
- Articulates with the caudoventral part of the
 Perpendicular Plate- forms caudal border of
tympanic bulla.
nasal cavity.
- Where digastricus muscle arises.
 Meatus- spaces between endoturbinates
2. Basisphenoid and Presphenoid Bone
 Endoturbinates- “nasal concha”
- Forms the ventrolateral surface of the cranium
5. Pterygoid Bone
- (Caudally) wings of the basisphenoid articulates with
- Forms the pterygopalatine fossa (ventral to the orbit)
the squamous part of the temporal bone
which serves as site of origin of pterygoideus muscle.
- (Dorsally) parietal and frontal bones
6. Ventral Nasal Concha and Dorsal Nasal Concha
- (Rostrally ) wing of the presphenoid bones.
7. Zygomatic Bone
 Oval foramen, round foramen, and alar canal
- Lies ventral to the lacrimal bone and forms parts of
- Passes through the basisphenoid bone.
the bony orbit and the zygomatic arch.
 Optic Canals
8. Nasal Bone
- Passes through the orbital wing of presphenoid bone
- Forms the roof of the nasal cavity
3. Ethmoid Bone
 Nasal Aperture
-situated deep to the walls of the oorbit.
- opening into the nasal cavity bounded by
- Contributes to the formation of cranial and facial parts of
the incisive and nasal bones.
the skull.
4. Interparietal Bone UNPAIRED BONES OF FACIAL BONES
- Centrally placed between the occipital bone and
parietal bone. 1. Vomer

PAIRED BONES OF FACIAL BONES - unpaired bone that extends from the choanal region into
the nasal cavity
FACIAL BONES
Paired Bones (MILDPPVZN) Unpaired Bones (V)
1. Maxilla 1. Vomer
2. Incisive
3. Lacrimal
4. Dorsal Nasal Concha
5. Palatine
 The Mandible
6. Pterygoid
7. Ventral Nasal Concha
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e Alyssa Ashley R. Lumacad, DVM.
9. Nasal
 Bones of the Skull and Mandible
- bears the lower teeth and articulates with the  Teeth
mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the - function as weapons of offense and
temporal bone. defense and prehensile organ of the animal
 Mandibular Symphysis - arranged in Superior/Upper/Maxillary
- unites the 2 mandibles and it also divides Arcade and Inferior/Lower/Mandibular
the jaw into right and left equal halves. Arcade that face each other wherein the
 Body of Mandible inferior arch is usually narrower than the
- Contains the 3 mental foramina of the mandible superior arch.
1. Rostral mental foramen
2. Middle mental foramen  Parts of a Tooth
3. Caudal mental foramen 1. Crown
- it is the exposed part of the tooth
 Alveolar border located above the gums.
- contains alveoli for the roots of the teeth.
2. Neck
 Ramus of the Mandible
- part of tooth formed b ya slight
(Lateral Surface)
constriction located on the gum line.
 Masseteric Fossa - where enamel layer of the teeth
- triangular area, it serves as the insertion of ends.
the masseter muscle. 3. Root
 Condylar Process
- helps form the temporomandibular joint. - located below the gum
- embedded in the alveolus
 Angular Process
- a hooked eminence ventral to the
 Layers/Substances of a Tooth
condylar process
- serves as the insertion of the pterygoid 1. Enamel
medially and masseter laterally. -outermost substance of the tooth
 Mandibular notch - densely calcified making it one of the
- it is a U-shaped depression between the hardest substance in the body but
there is a possibility for it to be
condylar and coronoid process.
breached and removed especially
- serves as the passageway of the motor when the dog is 17 weeks of age.
branches of the mandibular nerve in order -mostly white in color but turns black
to innervate the masseter muscle. as the teeth grow old.
2. Dentine
(Dorsal Surface)

 Coronoid process
- a process that forms the dorsal half of the
ramus and is located dorsal to the condylar
and angular process of the mandible.
(Medial Surface)
- Contains a shallow depression for the insertion of the
temporalis muscle.
 Mandibular foramen
- caudal opening of the mandibular canal.
- transmits the inferior alveolar artery, vein,
and nerve.
3. Cementum
- also calcified but softer than any of
the other calcified tissues of the tooth
- it is a thin covering that gradually gets
thicker throughout lif and is found at
the roots of the teeth.
4. Dental Pulp
-soft tissue of the tooth that is richly
vascularized,containing the different
blood vessels and nerves supplying the
oral cavity.

 Canine Dentition  Surfaces of the Teeth

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 Bones of the Skull and Mandible
- characterize by check teeth with broad crowns which
1. Labial Surface carry elaborate formation of blunt cusps that make
- Outer surface of the teeth facing the lips. them very effective crushing instruments (ex. Canine
teeth of boars)
2. Buccal/Vestibular Surface
- Outer surface of the teeth facing the check mucosa. 2. Lophodont
- Animals with teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces
3. Lingual Surface that is also good for grinding food (equine)
- Inner surface of the mandibular teeth facing the
tongue 3. Selenodont (Ruminants)
- Animals with teeth that have crescent on their
4. Palatine Surface grinding surfaces.
- Inner surface of the maxillary teeth facing the hard
palate.
4. Secodont
5. Contact Surface - Characterized by check teeth with sharp, cutting
- Surface of the teeth that comes in contact with or action (ex. Cat’s check teeth)
faces an adjacent tooth
a. Mesial Contact Surface  Based on the type of the teeth they have on its entire
b. Distal Contact surface dentition:
1. Heterodont
6. Occlusal/Masticating Surface - Characterized by having teeth in different areas of the
- Surface of the teeth that face opposite dental arch. mouth displaying different feature based upon what
specific function those teeth will be performing.
 Classifications of Animals according to teeth:
According to teeth: 2. Homodont
 Based on the height of  Based on the number of - having generally the same type of teeth on its
the crown: set of teeth that erupts: dentition.
1. Hypsodont 1. Diphydont
2. Brahydont 2. Monophyodont  Based on the number of set of teeth that erupts:
1. Diphydont
 Based on its function  Based on the type of - Having 2 sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent set
or purpose: attachment to the jaw: of teeth)
1. Bunodont 1. Pleurodont
2. Lophodont 2. Acrodont 2. Monophyodont
3. Selenodont 3. Thecodont - Having only one set of teeth (permanent teeth).
4. Secodont
 Based on the type of  Based on the type of attachment to the jaw:
the teeth they have on 1. Pleurodont
its entire dentition: - Animals with teeth attach by one side on the inner
1. Heterodont jaw surface
2. Homodont
2. Acrodont
 Based on the height of the crown: - Having teeth consolidated with the summit of the
1. Hypsodont (Herbivore) alveolar ridge without sockets.
- High-crowned teeth
- Portion of the crown is reserved below the gum line 3. Thecodont
and is extended gradually. - Having teeth rooted in sockets along the jaw margin.
- a characteristic of herbivore
2. Brachydont (Carnivore)  Types of Teeth
- Characterize by having low-crowned teeth 1. Incisors
- Animals with permanently rooted teeth - Roots are embedded in the incisive bone of the skell.
- Consists of 3 teeth on both sides of the upper and
 Based on its function or purpose:
lower jaw.
1. Bunodont
- Animals with teeth that have worn, rounded surfaces - comprised of the central incisors, intermediate
(swine) incisor and corner incisor.

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 Bones of the Skull and Mandible
2. Canines 2. Permanent teeth
- Located caudal and separated by a space from the – replaces some of the deciduous teeth and remain
incisors. throughout the dog’s life.
- Longest among the 4 types of teeth, its roots are
nearly twice as long as their length of their crown. The dental formula for the permanent teeth of the
- They are large, curved and laterally compressed. dog is as follows:
- Functions for aggressive and holding purposes
- Extraction of it risks fracturing the jaw since its roots
are massive and firmly implanted.
The temporary or deciduous dentition (“milk teeth”)
3. Premolars can be expressed by the following formula:
- Component of a cheek teeth located caudal to the
canines.
- Consists of 2 teeth on each side of each jaw.
- Present in both temporary and permanent dentition.  Eruption of permanent teeth
1. 1st and 2nd incisor- 2 to 5 months
 1st premolar 2. 3rd incisor- 4 to 5 months
- Small, peg-like tooth, it is the smallest of the 4 3. Canines- 5 to 6 months
premolars. 4. 1st premolar- 4 to 5 months
- Usually remaining throughout life, it erupts at 4-5 5. 2nd and 3rd premolar- 6 to 7 months
months postnatal 6. 4th premolar- 4 to 5 months
7. 1st molar- 5 to 6 months
 2nd and 3rd premolar 8. 2nd and 3rd molar- 6 to 7 months (full-mouth)
- Possesses 2 roots
- The eruption of the permanent teeth is closely
 Upper 4th premolar- “Carnassial, shearing or sectorial related to the lifespan of the breed of a particular dog
tooth” o Great Dane- 8 years (56 years in human life)
- Largest o Greyhound- 15 years
 Lower 1st molar o Toy dogs- 17 years
-
- Largest cutting/shearing teeth of the upper jaw
- Most commonly involve tooth in infections.

4. Molars
- Located caudal to the premolars
- Consists of up to 2 teeth on each side of the upper
jaw and 3 on each side of the lower jaw.
- Like premolars, it has no deciduous predecessor
- Possesses broader, more extensive occlusal surfaces
- Functions in crushing or grinding the food.
- Largest cheek tooth of the mandible
- Also called carnassial or sectorial tooth
 2nd and 3rd molar
- Smallest among other molar

 Divisions of Teeth
1. Deciduous teeth
- These are 1st set of teeth to erupt.
- Some are functional only until the 2nd month after
birth, some remain throughout life.

5|Page Alyssa Ashley R. Lumacad, DVM.