PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M

Muscular System

Muscular System FIXATOR

- A muscle that holds an origin stable for
Functions another muscle
MOVEMENT
- product of skeletal muscle contraction SYNERGISTS
- Muscles that have the same action
MAINTAIN POSTURE
- muscle tone which is maintained by the PRIME MOVER
skeletal muscles - The main muscle of the synergists that
performs the action
RESPIRATION
- function of intercostal muscles and the ANTAGONIST
diaphragm (skeletal muscle) - A muscle that has an opposing action.

PRODUCTION OF BODY HEAT Muscle Actions

- maintenance of body temperature (skeletal FLEXION
muscle) - Action that bends a part of the body
anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow.
COMMUNICATION - Exemption: knee (flexes posteriorly)
- muscles communicate with each other (all
types of muscles) EXTENSION
- Action that bends a part of the body
HEARTBEAT posteriorly.
- function of the cardiac muscle which pumps - Exemption: Knee (extends
blood throughout the body anteriorly)

CONTRACTION OF ORGANS AND VESSELS ABDUCTION

- function of smooth muscle - Movement of a part of the body away from
- propel food, water, secretion, regulate blood the midline
flow
- squeezes and propels substances through ADDUCTION
the organs and maintains the blood - Movement of a part of the body toward the
pressure midline

Anatomical Terms PROTRACTION

INTRINSIC MUSCLE - Movement that brings part of the body
- Refers to a muscle having its origin and forward
insertion located in the same body region.
RETRACTION
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE - Movement that brings part of the body
- Refers to a muscle having its origin in a backward
different body region and the insertion.
LATERAL EXCURSION
- Movement of the jaw laterally to the either
side
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Muscular System

- The act of opening the jaw or lowering the

MEDIAL EXCURSION shoulders
- Movement of the jaw back to the midline
Muscle Classifications
DORSIFLEXION
- Position of standing on the heels with the
SIZE
toes pointing up off the floor
vastus huge
PLANTAR FLEXION
- Position of standing on tiptoes with the maximus large
heels off the floor longus long

INVERSION minimus small

- Position in which the soles of the feet are
together, facing each other brevis short

SHAPE
EVERSION
- Position in which the soles of the feet point deltoid triangular
away from each other. *located in the posterior
shoulder
ROTATION rhomboid like a rhombus with
- The act of spinning on an axis equal and parallel sides

CIRCUMDUCTION latissimus wide

- The act of making a circle with part of the
teres round
body
trapezius like a trapezoid, a
SUPINATION four-sided figure with
- Rotation that turns the palms up. two sides parallel

DIRECTION OF FIBERS
PRONATION
- Rotation that turns the palms down. rectus straight

OPPOSITION transverse across

- The act of bringing the thumb to the palm
oblique diagonally

REPOSITION orbicularis circular

- The act of taking the thumb away from the
palm LOCATION
- going back to the original position pectoralis chest

ELEVATION gluteus buttocks

- The act of closing the jaw or raising the
brachii arm
shoulders
supra- above
DEPRESSION
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Muscular System

infra- below

sub- under or beneath

lateralis lateral

NUMBER OF ORIGINS

biceps two heads

triceps three heads

quadriceps four heads

ORIGIN AND INSERTION

sternocleidomastoideus origin on the sternum

and clavicle, insertion
on the mastoid process

brachioradialis origin on the brachium

or arm, insertion on the
radius

ACTION

abductor to abduct a structure

*away for the midline

adductor to adduct a structure

*adductor longus -
combination of size and
action

flexor to flex a structure

extensor to extend a structure

levator to lift or elevate a

structure

masseter a chewer