00:00-04:00 JOSE

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Properties Striated Striated Non-striated

Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

Location Attached to bones Located in the heart Located in blood

vessels, hollow
organs

FUNCTIONS

Movement Contraction of the muscles

Maintain posture Maintenance of muscle tone

Respiration Functions of intercostals and

diaphragm Skeletal muscles

Production of body Maintenance of body temperature

heat

Communication Communication between muscles

Heart beat Pump blood throughout the body Cardiac muscles

Contraction of organs To propel food, water, secretion, Smooth muscles

and vessels and blood flow; squeezes or propel
substances through organs; help
maintain blood pressure

ANATOMICAL TERMS

Intrinsic muscle Refers to a muscle having its origin and

insertion located in the same body region.

Extrinsic muscle Refers to a muscle having its origin in a

different body region and the insertion.

Fixator A muscle that holds an origin stable for

another muscle

Synergists muscles that have the same action.

Prime mover the main muscle of the synergists that
performs the action

Antagonist A muscle that has an opposing action.

04:01-07:00 ANGE
07:01-10:00 TRIC

MUSCLE ACTIONS

Flexion Action that bends a part

of the body anteriorly,
such as flexing the
elbow

Exemption: knee (flexes

posteriorly)

Extension Action that bends a part

of the body
posteriorly

Exemption: Knee
(extends anteriorly)

Abduction Movement of a part of

the body away
from the midline
Adduction Movement of a part of
the body toward the
midline

Protraction Movement that brings

part of the body forward

Retraction Movement that brings

part of the body
backward
Lateral Movement of the jaw
excursion laterally to either side

Medial Movement of the jaw

excursion back to the midline

Dorsiflexion Position of standing on

the heels with the toes
pointing up off the floor

If we point our feet

upward

Plantar Position of standing on

flexion tiptoes with the heels off
the floor

If we make our foot flat

on the floor, then we
stand on our plantar

Movement is anteriorly

Inversion Position in which the

soles of the feet are
together, facing each
other

Movement is medially
Eversion Position in which the
soles of the fee
point away from each
other

Movement is laterally

Rotation The act of spinning on

an axis

Moving your hand left

and right

Circumductio The act of making a

n circle with part of the
body

Moving your straight arm

in a circular motion
Supination* Rotation that turns the
palms up
*we only use the term
“supine” and “prone”
if we are referring to
the whole body; if we
are talking about the
palms, we use the
terms at the leftmost
column

Pronation* Rotation that turns the

palms down
*we only use the term
“supine” and “prone”
if we are referring to
the whole body; if we
are talking about the
palms, we use the
terms at the leftmost
column
Opposition The act of bringing the
thumb to the palm

Reposition The act of taking the

thumb away from the
palm (thumb going back
to its original position)

Elevation The act of closing the

jaw or raising the
shoulders
 Depression The act of opening the
jaw or lowering the
shoulders

CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
- Accdg to size, shape, direction of fibers, location, number of origins, origin and
insertion, and its action

SIZE

Vastus Vastus means that the

muscle is HUGE.

Term for HUGE muscles

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

Maximus Referring to large muscles

Ex. Gluteus

Minimus Refer to as small Not in the picture

Longus Refer to as long

Brevis Short muscles Not in the picture

 10:01-13:00 ENRIQUE
Continue mo table sa taas

SHAPE

Deltoid Triangular
Ex. muscle located in the
shoulder

Rhomboid Looks like rhombus with

equal parallel sides

Latissimus Wide Muscles

Ex. Latissimus dorsi

Teres Round Muscles Not in the picture

Trapezius Trapezoid
Four sided figure with two
side that are parallel

13:01-17:00 AZEL

FIBERS
Rectus Straight type of fiber muscle

Transverse Across

Oblique diagonal

Orbicularis orbit means circular

LOCATION

Pectoralis located in the chest

Gluteus In the buttock/rump area

Brachi Refers to the arm

Supra Above

Infra Below

Sub Under or beneath

Lateralis lateral

NUMBER OF ORIGINS

Bi Example is biceps with two

heads

Tri Example is triceps with

three heads

Quadri Example is quadriceps with

four heads

ORIGIN AND INSERTION

Sternocleidomastoi Origin on the sternum and

deus clavicle
Brachioradialis Origin on the brachium/arm

ACTION

Abductor To abduct; meaning away

from the midline

Adductor To adduct a structure

Example is Adductor
Longus

Flexor To flex a structure

- Muscles that can be
flexed
Extensor To extend a structure

Levator To lift or elevate a structure

Masseter chewer

17:01-20:00 IAN
 MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

MUSCLE ACTION

Frontalis Draws scalp anteriorly; raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead

Occipitalis Draws scalp posteriorly

Temporalis For mastication; elevates mandible and closes jaw

- Mastication: how we are able to grind the food with our
teeth

Orbicularis oris Closes mouth and puckers the lips

Orbicularis oculi Closes eye

Buccinator For mastication; compresses cheeks (as in blowing or whistling)

Masseter For mastication; raises jaw

Sternocleidomastoid Both muscles: flex head

One muscle: rotates head toward opposite shoulder
- Located in the neck
- Movement of the head to through the neck

Trapezius Extends head and rotates scapula

 MUSCLE ACTION

Levator labii Elevates upper lip

superioris

Zygomaticus major Raises angle of mouth (as in smiling)

Zygomaticus minor Elevates upper lip and exposes maxillary teeth

(beside levator labii superioris)

Depressor anguli Depresses angle of mouth

oris

Medial pterygoid Raises jaw

Lateral pterygoid Lowers jaw

(from the word
lateral, meaning
sidewards)

Platysma Depresses mandible

- In the neck

23:00-26:00 AMHIR
MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND BUTTOCKS

PICTURE MUSCLE ACTION

 Trapezius Extends head and scapula

Levator scapula Raises scapula

Rhomboideus Retracts scapula

- Rhomboid like

Erector spinae Maintains erect posture of

- Iliocostalis (located vertebral column
in the ilium side)
- Longissimus
(located on the upper
of iliocostalis)
- Spinalis

Latissimus dorsi Extends shoulders and

adducts arm

Gluteus medius Abducts thigh and medialy

rotates it

Gluteus maximus Extension at hip joint

Teres major Extends shoulders

Supraspinatus Abducts arm

Infraspinatus Extends and rotates arm

26:01-29:00 REIGN

MUSCLES OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN

PICTURE MUSCLE ACTION

 Scalenes Raise the ribs and expand
- Scalenes anterior thorax
- Scalenes medius
- Scalenes posterior

External intercostals Expand thorax

Internal intercostals Compress thorax

Pectoralis major Controls the movement of the

arm, adducts and medially
rotates arm

Pectoralis minor Depresses scapula

Serratus anterior Protracts scapula

External abdominal obliques Compresses abdomen
Internal abdominal obliques Compresses abdomen
Rectus abdominis Flexes vertebral and column
and
Increases pressure of
abdomen
Transverse abdominal Compresses abdomen

MUSCLES OF THE ARM

PICTURE MUSCLE ACTION

Deltoid Abducts the arm, flexes and
● Triangular in shape extends the shoulders
Biceps brachii Flexes elbow and supinates
arm
Brachialis Flexes arm
Brachioradialis Flexes forearm (synergist of
brachialis)
 Extensor carpi radialis Extends and abducts wrist
longus

Extensor digitorum Extends fingers and flares or

adducts fingers

Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends and adducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes and adducts hand at

wrist joint

Palmaris longus Weakly flexes hand at wrist

joints

Flexor carpi radialis Flexes the wrist and abducts

hand

Pronator teres Pronates forearm

MUSCLES OF THE THIGH (POSTERIOR

PICTURE MUSCLE ACTION

Hamstrings:
● Biceps femoris Extends thigh and laterally
flexes knee
● Semitendinosus Extends thigh, flexes knee,
and rotates legs medially
● Semimembrinosus Extends thigh, flexes knee,
and rotates leg medially

29:01-32:00 KOV

MUSCLES OF THE LEG

PICTURE MUSCLE ACTION

 Gastrocnemius Plantar flexes foot

Soleus Plantar flexes foot

Peroneus/Fibularis Plantar flexes foot and

everts foot

Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexes foot (prime

mover) and inverts foot

Extensor digitorum Dorsiflexes foot

longus

Plantaris Plantar flexes foot and

flexes leg at knee joint

MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEUM

MUSCLE ACTION

Levator ani Constricts anus, urethra, and vagina

Resists increased intra-abdominal

pressure; and

Supports fetal head during childbirth

Ischiocavernosus For male: Erection

Bulbospongiosus Male: aids in urine and semen expulsion,

and erection of penis
 Females: constricts vaginal orifice, and
assists in erection of clitoris

Superficial transverse perineus Stabilizes central tendon of perineum

Coccygeus Supports pelvic viscera

resists intra-abdominal pressure; and pulls

coccyx anteriorly after defecation or child
birth

● External anal sphincter: the one that closes and open involuntarily
○ Smooth muscle
 PHA 618 LABORATORY
Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

Muscular System
 OVERVIEW
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
PROPERTIES Striated Striated Non-striated

CONTROL Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

LOCATION Attached to Located in the Located in blood

bones heart vessels, hollow
organs
Functions
1. Movement
2. Maintain posture
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Heart beat
7. Contraction of organs and vessels
 Anatomical Terms
Intrinsic muscle
• Refers to a muscle having its origin and insertion located in the
same body region

Extrinsic muscle
• Refers to a muscle having its origin in a different body region and
the insertion
 Anatomical Terms
• Fixator - a muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle

• Synergists - muscles that have the same action.

• Prime mover - the main muscle of the synergists that performs the action

• Antagonist - a muscle that has an opposing action.

 Muscle Actions
• Flexion

- Action that bends a part of the body anteriorly,

such as flexing the elbow

- Exemption: knee (flexes posteriorly)

• Extension

- Action that bends a part of the body posteriorly

- Exemption: Knee (extends anteriorly)

 Muscle Actions
• Abduction
- movement of a part of the body away
from the midline

• Adduction
- movement of a part of the body
toward the midline

ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
 Muscle Actions
• Protraction
- movement that brings part of the
body forward

• Retraction
- movement that brings part of the
body backward

PROTRACTION RETRACTION
 Muscle Actions

• Lateral excursion
- movement of the jaw laterally to
either side

• Medial excursion
- movement of the jaw back to the
midline
LATERAL EXCURSION MEDIAL EXCURSION
 Muscle Actions
• Dorsiflexion - position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off the floor
• Plantar flexion - position of standing on tiptoes with the heels off the floor
• Inversion - position in which the soles of the feet are together, facing each other
• Eversion - position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other

INVERSION EVERSION
 Muscle Actions

• Rotation
- the act of spinning on an
axis

• Circumduction
- the act of making a circle
with part of the body

ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION
 Muscle Actions

• Supination
- Rotation that turns the palms up

• Pronation
- Rotation that turns the palms down

SUPINATION PRONATION
 Muscle Actions
• Opposition OPPOSTTION
- The act of bringing the thumb to the palm
• Reposition
- The act of taking the thumb away from the
palm
• Elevation
- The act of closing the jaw or raising the
shoulders
• Depression
- The act of opening the jaw or lowering the
shoulders
ELEVATION DEPRESSION
Notes:
Size: vastus (huge); maximus (large); longus (long); minimus (small); brevis (short).
Shape: deltoid (triangular); rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and parallel
sides); latissimus (wide); teres (round); trapezius (like a trapezoid, a four-sided
figure with two sides parallel).
Direction of fibers: rectus (straight); transverse (across); oblique (diagonally);
orbicularis (circular).
Location: pectoralis (chest); gluteus (buttock or rump); brachii (arm); supra-
(above); infra- (below); sub- (under or beneath); lateralis (lateral).
Number of origins: biceps (two heads); triceps (three heads); quadriceps (four
heads).
Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum and clavicle,
insertion on the mastoid process); brachioradialis (origin on the brachium or arm,
insertion on the radius).
Action: abductor (to abduct a structure); adductor (to adduct a structure); flexor
(to flex a structure); extensor (to extend a structure); levator (to lift or elevate a
structure); masseter (a chewer).
 Muscles of the Head and Neck
MUSCLE ACTION
Draws scalp anteriorly; raises eyebrows;
Frontalis wrinkles forehead
Occipitalis Draws scalp posteriorly
For mastication; elevates mandible and closes
Temporalis jaw
Orbicularis oris Closes mouth and puckers the lips
Orbicularis oculi Closes eye
For mastication; compresses cheeks (as in
Buccinator blowing or whistling)
Masseter For mastication; raises jaw
Both muscles: flex head
Sternocleidomastoid One muscle: rotates head toward opposite
shoulder

Trapezius Extends head and rotates scapula

 Muscles of the Head and Neck
MUSCLE ACTION
Levator labii
Elevates upper lip
superioris
Zygomaticus major Raises angle of mouth (as in smiling)
Elevates upper lip and exposes maxillary
Zygomaticus minor teeth

Depressor anguli oris Depresses angle of mouth

Medial pterygoid Raises jaw

Lateral pterygoid Lowers jaw

Platysma Depresses mandible

 Muscles of the Back and Buttocks

MUSCLE ACTION

Trapezius Extends head and scapula

Levator scapula Raises scapula

Rhomboideus Retracts scapula

 Muscles of the Back and Buttocks

MUSCLE ACTION
Erector spinae
• Iliocostalis Maintains erect posture of vertebral
• Longissimus column
• Spinalis

Latissimus dorsi Extends shoulders and adducts arm

Gluteus medius Abducts thigh and medially rotates it

Gluteus maximus Extension at hip joint

 Muscles of the Back and Buttocks

MUSCLE ACTION

Teres major Extends shoulders

Supraspinatus Abducts arm

Infraspinatus Extends and rotates arm

 Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen

MUSCLE ACTION
Scalenes
• Scalenus anterior
Raise the ribs and expand thorax
• Scalenus medius
• Scalenus posterior

External intercostals Expand thorax

Internal intercostals Compress thorax

 Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen
MUSCLE ACTION
Controls the movement of the
Pectoralis major arm, adducts and medially
rotates arm
Pectoralis minor Depresses scapula

Serratus anterior Protracts scapula

External abdominal
Compresses abdomen
obliques
Internal abdominal
Compresses abdomen
obliques
Flexes vertebral and column
Rectus abdominis
increases pressure of abdomen
Transverse abdominal Compresses abdomen
 Muscles of the Arm

MUSCLE ACTION
Abducts the arm, flexes and
Deltoid
extends shoulders

Biceps brachii Flexes elbow and supinates arm

Brachialis Flexes arm

Flexes forearm (synergist of

Brachioradialis
brachialis)
 Muscles of the Arm
MUSCLE ACTION
Extensor carpi
Extends and abducts wrist
radialis longus
Extends fingers and flares or adducts
Extensor digitorum
fingers
Extensor carpi
Extends and adducts wrist
ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes and adducts hand at wrist joint

Palmaris longus Weakly flexes hand at wrist joint

Flexor carpi radialis Flexes the wrist and abducts hand

Pronator teres Pronates forearm

 Muscles of the Thigh (Posterior)

MUSCLE ACTION

Hamstrings:

Extends thigh and laterally flexes

• Biceps femoris
knee
Extends thigh, flexes knee, and
• Semitendinosus
rotates leg medially
Extends thigh, flexes knee, and
• Semimembrinosus
rotates leg medially
 Muscles of the Leg
MUSCLE ACTION

Gastrocnemius Plantar flexes foot

Soleus Plantar flexes foot

Peroneus/Fibularis Plantar flexes foot and everts foot

Dorsiflexes foot (prime mover) and

Tibialis anetrior
inverts foot
Extensor
Dorsiflexes foot
digitorum longus
Plantar flexes foot and flexes leg at
Plantaris
knee joint
 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

MUSCLE ACTION
Constricts anus, urethra, and vagina; resists increased intra-abdominal pressure; and
Levator ani
supports fetal head during childbirth
Ischiocavernosus Erection
Male: aids in urine and semen expulsion, and erection of penis
Bulbospongiosus
Females: constricts vaginal orifice, and assists in erection of clitoris
Superficial transverse perineus Stabilizes central tendon of perineum
Supports pelvic viscera; resists intra-abdominal pressure; and pulls coccyx anteriorly
Coccygeus
after defecation or child birth
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum
Reference:
• Roiger, D., & Bullock, N. J. (2019). Anatomy, physiology & disease:
Foundations for the health professions. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Education.