GENBIO – Anatomy and Physiology of Skeletal System – 9/20/22 – WORD

 The Skeletal System

- What is the skeletal system?

-
- The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones (20% of body mass) that, along with cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments, make up the framework or skeleton of the body. (bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments)
- It is composed initially by cartilages and fibrous membranes.
- Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage.
- At the age 25, the skeleton is completely hardened.
- FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM:
a. Body Shape
b. Protects Organ
c. Levers for movement
d. Mineral Storage
e. Blood Cell Formation
- 2 MAIN PARTS OF A SKELETON Anterior (front) view of the skeleton.
1. The AXIAL SKELETON
- consists of 80 bones.
- The primary bones of the axial skeleton
are the skull, spine, ribs and sternum
(thorax).
2. The APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- consists of 126 bones.
- The primary bones of this skeleton are
the shoulder or pectoral girdle, arms,
hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet.
- FUNCTIONS OF BONES
- Bones are composed of about 50% water and 50% osseous tissue /AH see us/ (a solid, calcified, rigid
substance)
1. It provides shape, support, and the framework of the body.
2. It protects internal organs.
3. It serves as a storage place for minerals such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus.
4. It plays an important role in Hematopoiesis.
- Hematopoiesis /hee MAT ah poh EE siss/
- It is the formation of blood cells that takes place in bone marrow.
- Includes the production of RBC and WBC.
5. It provide a place to attach muscles.

6. It make movement possible through articulation

- Articulation - manner in which the parts come together at a joint
- CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES BY SHAPE (*classification not by shape)
- Bones can be classified by shape.
- 4 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES :

1. LONG BONES
- Typically longer than wide.
- Have a shaft with heads at both
ends
- Contain mostly compact bone
- TYPES OF LONG BONES:
a. Femur (Thigh)
b. Tibia (Larger Shin)
c. Fibula (Smaller Shin Bone)
d. Humerus (Upper Arm)
e. Radius (Larger Forearm)
f. Ulna (Smaller Forearm)

2. SHORT BONES
- Generally cube-shape
- Contain mostly spongy bone
- TYPES OF SHORT BONES:
a. Carpals of the Wrist
b. Tarsals of the Ankle
3. FLAT BONES
- Thin and flattened
- Usually curved
- Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone.
- TYPES OF FLAT BONES:
a. Skull
b. Sternum (Breastbone)
c. Scapula (Shoulder Bone)

4. IRREGULAR BONES
- Irregular in shape
- Do not fit into other bone classification categories
- TYPES OF IRREGULAR BONES:
a. Vertebrae (Spine)
b. Pelvic

5. WORMIAN BONES* (sutural)

6. SESAMOID BONES*
- BONE STRUCTURE

- The features in this long bone illustrate

those found in all bones.
1. Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) - growing end
2. Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) - shaft
3. Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) - outside
covering of the bone.
4. Medullary (MED ul air ee)- inner space
containing bone marrow
5. Endosteum (en DOS tee um)- lining of
medullary cavity

- MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONES:

- Osteocytes – bone cells (in a lacuna)
- It transports nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi.
- The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts.
- Collagen gives bone resilience and strength
- Inorganic salts make bone hard.
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE
- Lacunae
- Cavities containing bone cells
(osteocytes).
- Arranged in concentric rings.
- Lamellae
- Rings around the central canal
- Sites of lacunae
- Canaliculi
- Tiny canals
- Radiate from the central canal to
Lacunae
- Form a transport system

- SPONGY BONE PARTS

- Also called as Cancellous Bone

-
- COMPACT BONE PARTS AND FEATURES

-
- BY LOCATION:
- Diaphysis – tightly packed cells
- Harversian systems – osteocytes
- JOINTS
- A JOINT is a place where two or more bones connect. The manner in which they connect determines the
type of movement allowed at that joint.
- TYPE OF MOVEMENT ALLOWED IN A JOINT:
1. A synarthrosis (sĭn ahrTHROW siss) is a joint that allows no movement.
- An example would be a cranial suture.

2. A amphiarthrosis (am fee ahr THROW siss) is a joint that allows slight movement.
- An example would be a vertebra.

3. A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that allows free movement in a variety of directions.
- An example would be knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.
- TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS

1. Flexion: bending a limb

2. Extension: straightening a flexed limb

3. Abduction: moving a body part away from

the middle.
4. Adduction: moving a body part toward the
middle.

5. Circumduction: moving a body part in a

circular motion

6. Supination: lying supine or face upward;

or turning the palm or foot upward.
7. Pronation: lying prone or face downward;
or turning the palm downward.

8. Dorsiflexion: bending a body part

backwards.

9. Protraction: moving a body forward.

10. Retraction: moving a body part backward.
 11. Rotation: moving a body part around a
central axis

12. Inversion: turning inward.

13. Eversion: turning outward.

14. Lateral recumbent: lying on your left or

right side

15. Fowler’s position: sitting straight up or

reclining slightly; legs straight or bent.
16. Trendelenburg position: (TREN duh len
burg): lying supine with head lower than
feet.

- THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

- The vertebral column is composed of separate bones called vertebrae, connected to form four spinal
curves.
- A curve has more strength than a straight line, so can support the weight of the body and provide
balance needed to walk.

- TYPES OF VERTEBRAL CURVES:

- Cervical curve contains the first 7
vertebrae
- Thoracic curve contains the next 12
vertebrae
- Lumbar curve contains the last 5
vertebrae
- Sacral curve contains the sacrum
and coccyx (KOCK siks) or tailbone.

- PARTS OF A VERTEBRAE
- THE MALE AND FEMALE PELVIS
- The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the body.
- The hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the pelvic basin.
- Hip bones include the ilium (Ĭl ee um), pubis (PYU bus), and ischium (ISS kee um).

-
- The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel and is heavier and stronger than the female.
- The female pelvis is oval to round, and wider than the male.
- BONE GROWTH AND RESORPTION
- Bone is continually remodeled.
- Resorption – process in which the bone is broken down by osteoclasts and formed again by osteoblasts.
- Bone formation and healing slow down as part of the aging process.
- Osteoporosis is an age-related loss of bone mass or density.