INTRODUCTION TO

OSTEOLOGY
 The science on the study of bones is
termed OSTEOLOGY

 Skeleton: Bony and Cartilaginous frame

work on the body, connected by ligaments

 Endoskeleton

 Exoskeleton
 FUNCTIONS OF BONES
• Frame work of the body

• Central axis of the body

• Support and transmit weight of the body

• Lever for locomotion

• Mechanical protection to vital organs

• Store calcium

• Bone marrow
 NUMBER OF BONES IN HUMAN BODY
The skeletal system of an adult is composed of approximately 206 bones.

• Upper limbs - 64

• Lower limbs - 62

• Vertebrae - 26 (33)

• Ribs - 24

• Skull - 29 including hyoid

• Sternum - 1
Skull bones - Facial bones, Cranial bones, 1 Hyoid bone
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
According to Position:
a) Axial
b) Appendicular
Axial Skeleton:- Consists of 80 bones that form the axis
of the body which supports and protects the organs of
the head, neck and trunk
• Skull: Cranium & face (22)
Auditory ossicles (6)
Hyoid bone (1)
• Vertebral column (26)
• Thoracic cage (Ribs - 24 & sternum - 1)
 Appendicular skeleton

Bones forming the skeleton of limbs

 Composed of 126 bones

• upper limb (64)
• lower limb (62)

 Bony girdles anchor the appendages to axial skeleton

• Pectoral/ shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle)
• Pelvic girdle (hip bone)
Classification of bones - According to shape

• Long bones

• Short long bones

• Short bones

• Flat bones

• Irregular bones

• Pneumatic bones

• Sesamoid bones
 b) Short long bones
- Miniature of long bone
a) Long bones - 3 parts Eg. Metacarpal & metatarsal bones,
o Upper end phalanges
o Shaft

o Lower end

Eg. humerus, radius, ulna,

femur, tibia, fibula
c) Short bones
Small, polyhedral; generally cuboidal in shape

Eg. Carpal and tarsal bones

 d) Flat bones
- expanded and plate like

Eg.
• Bones in the vault of the skull
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Scapula
e) Irregular bones
- Irregular in general outline

Eg.

• Vertebrae

• Hip bone

• Bones at the base of skull

f) Pneumatic bones
- Flat or irregular bone
- Possess a hollow cavity within the body
- Space contains air

Eg.
• Maxilla
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
g) Sesamoid bones
- Develop in relation to tendons
- Do not possess periosteum
- No haversian systems

Eg. Patella
Pisiform
 Structural classification of bones

1. Compact bone - outer cortical part of long bones

2. Cancellous or Spongy bone - at the ends of long bones

3. Diploic bone - outer and inner tables of compact bone

- intervening porous layer called diploe, occupied by diploic veins
 Structural
classification
 Developmental classification
• Membrane bones - develop in membrane
Eg. skull & facial bones

• Cartilaginous bones - develop in cartilage

Eg. limb bones, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Anatomical terms used in description of
bones
• Foramen - an opening or hole
• Canal - bony tunnel
• Meatus - narrow passage
• Sulcus - groove
• Pit - small depression
• Fossa - large depression, articular/ non-articular
• Facet - small, smooth, flat, articular area of a bone
• Ridge - rough linear elevation
• Crest - ridge of some breadth
• Lip - raised margin of a crest
• Process - localized elevation

• Tubercle - small localized rounded thickening

• Tuberosity - same as tubercle but larger in size

• Head - round articular area

• Condyle - smooth, rounded, articular surface at the end of the bone

• Epicondyle - non articular bony projection situated above the condyle

• Malleolus - hammer head shaped bony prominence

• Spine - sharp pointed projection

• Lingula - tongue like projection

• Human Anatomy – science which deals with the structure of the human
body
• The Term, ‘anatomy’ is derived from a is Greek word, “anatome”, meaning
cutting up.
• The term ‘dissection’ is a Latin equivalent of the Greek anatome
Subdivisions of anatomy
 Cadaveric anatomy – studied on dead embalmed bodies with naked eyes
( macroscopic or gross anatomy )
 Regional anatomy – studied in different parts ( upper limb, lower limb,
thorax, abdomen, head and neck, brain)
 Systemic anatomy – studied in systems ( osteology, myology, arthrology,
angiology, neurology, and respiratory, digestive, urogenital, and endocrine
systems
 Living anatomy – studied by inspection, palpation, percussion,
auscultation, endoscopy, radiography
• Embryology (developmental anatomy ) – study of the prenatal
developmental changes in an individual
• Histology (microscopic anatomy) – study of structures with the aid of a
microscope Surface anatomy
• Surface anatomy ( topographic anatomy )- study of deeper parts of the body
in relation to the skin surface eg. palpating the artery
• Radiographic and imaging anatomy – study of the bones and deeper organs
by plain and contrast radiography , by ultrasound and computerised
tomographic (CT) scans
• Comparative anatomy – study of anatomy of the other animals to explain
the changes inform, structure and function of different parts of the human
body
• Physical anthropology – deals with the external features and measurements
of different races and groups of people, and with the study of the prehistoric
remains
• Applied anatomy (clinical anatomy) – deals with application of the
anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice
• Experimental anatomy – is the study of the factors which influence
and determine the form, structure and function of different parts of
the body
• Genetics – deals with the study of information present in the
chromosomes.
• Language of Anatomy
• Various positions, planes, terms in relation to various regions and
movements
• Positions
• Anatomical positions- When a person is standing straight with eyes
looking forwards, both arms by the side of body, palms facing
forwards, both feet together, position is anatomical position
• Supine position – When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by the
Side, palms facing upwards and feet put together, the position is supine
position
• Prone position Person lying on his /her face, chest and abdomen is
said to be in prone position
• Lithotomy position – Person lying on her back with legs up and feet
supported in straps. This position is mostly used during delivery of the
baby
• Planes
• Median or midsagittal plane – A plane passing through the centre of
the body dividing it into two equal right and left halves
• Sagittal plane – Plane parallel to median or midsagittal plane is the
sagittal plane
• Coronal plane – A plane at right angles to sagittal or median plane
which divided the body into anterior and posterior halves
• Transverse horizontal plane – A plane at right angles to both sagittal
and coronal planes which divides the body into upper and lower
parts
• Oblique plane – Any other plane other than coronal, transverse and
midsagittal
• Cardinal plane – If any plane transverse the centre of the body.
• Terms related to body movements – In the neck
• Flexion – When face comes closer to chest
• Extension – When face taken away from the chest
• Lateral flexion – When ear is brought close to shoulder
• Rotation – When neck rotates so that chin goes to opposite side
• Opening the mouth – When lower jaw is lowered to open the mouth
• Closure of the mouth – When the jaw is opposed to the upper jaw,
closing the mouth
• Protraction – When lower jaw slides forwards in its socket in the
temporal bone of the skull
• Retraction – When the jaw slides backwards in its socket in the
temporal bone of skull
• Terms used for Describing Muscles
• Origin – The end of a muscle which is relatively fixed during its
contraction
• Insertion -The end of a muscle which moves during its contraction
• Belly – The fleshy and contractile part of a muscle
• Tendon – The fibrous non contractile and cord like part of a muscle
• Aponeurosis – The flattened tendon
• Raphe – A fibrous band made up of interdigitating fibres of tendons
or aponeurosis
• Ligaments – Fibrous, inelastic bands which connect two segments of
a joint
• Terms used for describing vessels
• Arteries –
• Veins
• Venae comitantes – are two veins one on each side of a medium
sized artery of a limb joined to each other across the artery
• Capillaries- are networks of microscopic vessels connecting arterioles
to venules
• Sinusoids - are large, irregular, vascular spaces which are closely
surrounded by the parenchyma of the organ .Seen in liver, spleen,
bone marrow, suprarenal glands, parathyroid glands
• Anastomoses – are precapillary or postcapillary communications
between the neighbouring vessels
THANK YOU