SKELETAL AND

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Dr. Zaman
Skeletal System
Human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. The skeleton is divided into two parts: the
axial (from the Latin axis, meaning axle or wheel) and appendicular (from the Latin
appendare, meaning to add or append).

The axial skeleton forms the body’s vertical axis and contains 74 bones in the head
and torso; it also includes 6 bones of the middle ear, for a total of 80 bones.

The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones and includes the body’s
appendages, or upper and lower extremities
Axial Skeleton
The skull contains 28 bones in two major areas: the brain case, or cranium (from the
Greek kranion, meaning upper part of the head), and the face. Eight bones form the
cranium, 14 bones make up the face, and the inner ears contain 6 ossicles, 3 small
bones in each ear. The jaw bone, or mandible (from the Latin mandibula, meaning
jaw) is the only movable bone in the skull.
Key terms regarding the Skull
• Sutures are immobile joints that hold the skull bones together.
• Sinuses are air-filled spaces within the skull that lessen the bone weight, moisten
incoming air, and act as resonating chambers for the voice.
• Orbits are eye sockets that contain the eyes.
Key terms regarding the Torso
• Vertebral column or the back bone contains 33 vertebrae (plural of vertebra).
• Ribs are curved bones attached to the thoracic portion of the spinal column.
• The term costal refers to ribs. The first seven pairs of ribs are attached to the
sternum by costal cartilage; they’re called true ribs. The remaining five pairs of
ribs are called false ribs because they aren’t attached directly to the sternum.
Key terms regarding Appendicular
Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle, made by the Clavicle and Scapulae
• Carpal bones are eight small bones aligned in two rows that form the wrist.
• Metacarpals are five small long bones attached to the carpals that form the palm
of the hand.
• Phalanges are the small long bones which form the fingers.
• Pelvic Girdle or Coxal bone, also called the hip bone is made up of three bones
namely Ilium, Ischium and Pubis on each side.
• Tarsal bones are seven short bones that make up the ankle.
Types of Bones according to shape
• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones

Bones are connected to each other by dense, strong, flexible bands of fibrous
connective tissue that are called Ligaments.
Composition of Bones
• Compact Bone is outer dense layer.
• Spongy or Cancellous bone is inner relatively soft and porous layer.
Structure of Bones
• Diaphyses (singular: diaphysis)—the long, narrow shaft of the bone contains the
bone marrow and has two irregular ends.
• Epiphyses (singular: epiphysis)—the bulbous ends of long bones that provide a
large surface for muscle attachment and give stability to joints.
• Articular cartilage—a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers and cushions the
articular (joint) surfaces of the epiphyses.
• Periosteum—a dense membrane that covers the shafts of long bones.
• Medullary cavity—a cavity filled with bone marrow
• Endosteum—a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Structure of Bones
Classification of Joints according to range
of motion
• Synarthrosis—immovable
• Amphiarthrosis—slightly movable
• Diarthrosis—freely movable.
Classification of Joints according to
structure
• Fibrous Joints
The articular surfaces of the two bones are bound closely by fibrous connective
tissue and little movement is possible. The cranial sutures are examples of fibrous
joints.
• Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilage connects one bone to another; these joints allow slight movement. An
example is the symphysis pubis
• Synovial Joints
Freely movable joints which include most joints of the arms and legs that contact a
joint cavity which is filled with synovial fluid.
Body Movements
• Common terms used to describe movement and range of motion in joints include:
• abduction—moving away from the midline
• adduction—moving toward the midline
• circumduction—moving in a circular manner
• extension—straightening or increasing the joint angle
• flexion—bending or decreasing the joint angle
• pronation—turning downward
• internal rotation—turning toward midline
• external rotation—turning away from midline
• supination—turning upward.
Common Clinical Problems
• arthralgia—pain in a joint
• arthredema—joint swelling
• arthropyosis—pus formation in a joint cavity
• bursitis—inflammation of a bursa, the fluid-filled sac
that prevents friction within a joint
• chondralgia—pain originating in the cartilage
• chondritis—inflammation of the cartilage
• chondromalacia—abnormal softening of the cartilage
• coxitis—inflammation of the hip joint
• epiphysitis—inflammation of the epiphysis of a bone
• hemarthrosis—blood in a joint cavity
Common Clinical Problems
• hydrarthrosis—accumulation of watery fluid in a joint cavity
• kyphosis—the Greek word for hunchback, an abnormally increased convexity in the
curvature of the thoracic spine
• lordosis—forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as sway back
• lumbago—pain in the lower back (lumbar) region
• ostealgia—bone pain
• osteitis—inflammation of bone
• osteochondritis—inflammation of bone and cartilage
• osteolysis—degeneration of bone from calcium loss.
Tests and Procedures
• Arthrocentesis, is a process in which a joint is surgically punctured with a needle
to aspirate synovial fluid for analysis or to remove accumulated fluid.
• Bone marrow aspiration is a process of obtaining a bone marrow sample for
analysis.
• Arthroscopy is a process used to observe the interior of a joint.
Diseases of skeletal system
• Ankylosing (immobilizing) spondylitis (inflammation of vertebrae) is a slow,
progressive inflammatory disease of the spine.
• Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, affects the joints of the hand,
knee, hip, and vertebrae. It’s a major cause of disability.
• Osteomalacia is softening of the bones that’s characterized by inadequate
mineralization of newly formed bone matrix
• Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone
• Osteoporosis is a disorder in which bone mass is reduced, leading to enhanced
bone fragility and an increased fracture risk.
Treatments
• A splint, in which is a removable appliance that immobilizes, restrains, and
supports the injured or displaced body part.
• A cast, which is a rigid dressing that’s placed around an injured body part to
support, immobilize, and protect it and promote healing.
• A closed reduction is a manual alignment of a fractured or dislocated bone and
may precede the application of a cast.
• Traction uses a system of weights and pulleys to immobilize and relieve pressure
on a fractured bone to maintain proper position and to facilitate healing.
Thank You