ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM RED BLOOD CELLS
Cardio – Heart → Erythrocytes
Vascular – Blood or Blood vessels → Primary function: Transport of Oxygen
Consists of 3 Components: → 700 times more numerous the white blood cells
1. Blood → 17 times more numerous than platelets in the
2. Heart blood.
3. Blood Vessels
THE BLOOD Biconcave- Disc-shaped, 7.5 µm in diameter

FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF BLOOD Hemoglobin (Hgb)

1. TRANSPORTATION
→ Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
→ Carries nutrients and hormones.
→ Transport waste out of the body.
2. REGULATION
→ Maintain homeostasis of body fluids
→ Help adjust body temperature.
3. PROTECTION
→ Blood can clot (become gel-like) which protects
its excessive loss after injury.
BLOOD COMPOSITION
→ Blood is a type of Connective tissue.
→ Total Blood Volume
Male: 5-6 Liters
Female: 4-5 Liters
Components
1. Formed Elements
a. Erythrocytes- Red Blood Cells (RBC)
b. Leukocytes- White Blood Cells (WBC)
c. Platelets- Thrombocytes
2. Plasma
a. Liquid part or serum
b. Contains 55% of total blood volume.
HEMATOPOEISIS / HEMAPOESIS
→ Process of Blood cell production
Adults: Occurs in the Red bone Marrow
Embryo and Fetus: Occurs in the yolk sac, Liver,
Thymus, Spleen, Lymph nodes and red bone marrow.
→ HEME (red pigment) + 4 Globin (protein)
→ Oxygen molecules bind to the Heme.
→ Each Oxygen molecule that is transported by
hemoglobin is associated with and Iron atom at
the center of the Heme group.
→ Hemoglobin can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules.
Oxyhemoglobin – Hgb with Oxygen
Deoxyhemoglobin – Hgb with no Oxygen
ERYTHROPOEISIS
→ Process or RED BLOOD CELL Production
→ Regulated by Erythropoietin; A hormone
produced by the kidneys.
→ EPO secretions increases when blood levels are
low; Stimulates red bone marrow to produce
more red blood cells.
→ 4 days: Required time to produce a single red
blood cell.
→ 120 days: Normal lifespan of an RBC in males
→ 110 days: Normal lifespan of an RBC in females
ANEMIA
- A condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of
blood is reduced due to decreased RBCs.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
→ Leukocytes
→ Protects the body against invading organisms,
remove dead cells and debris from the body.
→ WBC count: 5,000 – 10,000 cells per cubic mL of
blood.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Granulocytes HEMORRHAGE
1. Neutrophils (55%) - Destroy bacteria, virus, → Loss of large amounts of blood from the vessels
toxins via Phagocytosis.
2. Eosinophils (3%) - Parasitic Infection THROMBOSIS
3. Basophils (1%) – Inflammation and Allergy → Unusual clotting inside the blood vessel

Agranulocytes THROMBUS
1. Monocytes – Destroys bacteria. → Intact clot
2. Lymphocytes – Provides immunity.
EMBOLUS
LEUKOCYTOSIS → Dislodged Thrombus
→ Increase in number of WBCs above 10,000.
→ Normal, protective response to invading PLASMA
microbes, surgery, infection, inflammation, etc. → Contains Water and Proteins
LEUKOPENIA Albumin
→ Abnormal low levels of WBCs below 5,000. - Smallest plasma protein
→ It is never beneficial and may be caused by - Pulls water in; to maintain blood pressure.
radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, viral
infections, and many more. Globulin
- Group of proteins in the blood
PLATELETS - Transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
→ Thrombocytes
→ 130,000 – 300,000 cubic mL of the Blood Fibrinogen
→ Cell fragments: forms clots and stop/prevent - Needed for blood clotting.
bleeding.
→ Made in the Bone marrow. Nutrients
→ 5-9 Life expectancy 1. Glucose
2. Amino Acids
HEMOSTASIS 3. Nucleotides
→ Cessation of Bleeding
→ Bleeding control Gases
1. Carbohydrates
Involves 3 processes. 2. Oxygen
1. Blood Vessel Spasms 3. Nucleic acids
→ Immediate but temporary constriction of the
blood vessels after being damaged. Electrolytes
2. Platelet plug formation. - Calcium
→ Accumulation of platelets that can seal small
breaks in the blood vessels.
3. Blood Coagulation
→ Process of Gel formation or blood clot
→ Blood clot-network threadlike protein fibers
called FIBRIN, that traps blood cells, platelets,
and fluids.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
THE HEART GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART
→ PULMONARY ARTERIES
→ Keeps oxygen poor blood separated from oxygen - Vessels carrying DEOXYGENATED Blood from the
rich blood. Heart to the Lungs
→ Keeps the blood flowing in one direction. - Artery – Away
→ Creates Blood pressure.
→ Regulates the blood supply on the current needs of → PULMONARY VEINS
the body. - Vessels carrying OXYGENATED Blood from the
lungs to the heart.
Blood that - Veins – Towards
Blood Antigen Antibody
can be
Type Present Present → SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA
receive
- Carry DEOXYGENATED Blood from body to heart.
A A B A&O
B B A B&O
→ AORTA
AB AB None A, B, AB, O - Largest Artery
O None A&B O - Carry OXYGENATED Blood from the Heart to all
parts of the body.
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
LOCATION BLOOD VESSELS
- Within the Thoracic Cavity on the Mediastinum. The Coronary Arteries branch from the Ascending
aorta and branches to the:
APEX – Rounded point of the Heart
BASE – Larger flat part at the opposite end. Left Main Coronary Artery
1. Left Anterior descending artery.
- Walls of the right and left ventricles
WALLS AND COVERINGS 2. Circumflex Branches
- Walls of the left ventricle and left atrium.
Pericardium
- Two-layered serous membrane Right Coronary Artery
Parietal- Outer wall of the Mediastinum - Supplies small branches to the right atrium.
Visceral- Inner; Surface of the heart.

Myocardium
- Thickest part; Cardiac muscle

Endocardium
- Inner wall; Thin and Smooth

Pericardial Cavity
- Space between parietal and visceral
pericardium.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART 4. LEFT VENTRICLE
Contains 4 Hollow Chambers - Thickest chamber of the heart and forms the
APEX of the heart.
2 ATRIA located Superiorly.
- Auricle – Wrinkled anterior pouch of each atrium AORTIC VALVE
- Interatrial Septum – Separates the 2 Atria. - Valve where blood passes from the LEFT
VENTRICLE to the AORTA.
2 VENTRICLES located Inferiorly.
- Interventricular Septum – Separates 2 Ventricles • SEMILUNAR VALVES
- Aortic and pulmonary valves are made up of
CHAMBERS AND VALVES (Pathway) Three crescent moon-shaped cusps.

1. RIGHT ATRIUM
- Forms the RIGHT surface of the heart.
- Receives blood from the THREE (3) veins.
a. Superior vena cava
b. Inferior vena cava
c. Coronary Sinus

TRICUSPID VALVE
- Consists of 3 Cusps or Leaflets
- Valve where blood passes from the RIGHT
ATRIUM to the RIGHT VENTRICLE

2. LEFT ATRIUM
- Forms most of the BASE of the heart
- Receives blood from the LUNGS through FOUR
(4) pulmonary veins.

MITRAL (Bicuspid) VALVE

- Valve where blood passes from the LEFT ATRIUM
to the LEFT VENTRICLE.

• ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
- Located between the Atrium and Ventricle

3. RIGHT VENTRICLE
- Forms most of the ANTERIOR surface of the heart.

PULMONARY VALVE
- Valve where blood passes from the RIGHT
VENTRICLE to the PULMONARY TRUNK to the
Lungs.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
TWO (2) TYPES OF CIRCULATION
Two Pathways come from the heart:
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- Short loop from the heart to the lungs and back.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- Carries blood from the heart to all other parts of
the body and back again.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
Heartbeat – Pertains to the Pumping action “lub dub”.
Frank-Starling Law
- Force of contraction produced by Cardiac muscle
is related to the degree of stretch of the cardiac
muscle fibers.
- Amount of blood in the ventricles determined the
degree to which the cardiac muscle fibers are
stretched
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
- Route of Specialized cardiac muscle fibers that
initiate and stimulate contraction of the atria and
ventricles.
INTRINSIC SYSTEM
- Heart beats AUTOMATICALLY without the need
for external nervous stimulation.
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
- Promotes a coordinated beating of the heart.
MECHANISM
1. Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
- RA at junction of SVC
- Forms impulses to initiate heartbeat.
- Pacemaker
2. Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
- RA junction at ventricular septum
- Brief delay as impulses passes through.
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3. Bundle of His
- Ventricular septum
4. Purkinje Fibers
- Impulses carried to the APEX of the heart and
lateral walls.
• Causes Ventricles contract to force blood to
Pulmonary trunk and Aorta
CARDIAC CYCLE
- All the events that occur during one heartbeat
2 Conditions
1. Systole – Cardiac Contraction
2. Diastole – Cardiac Relaxation
3 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
PHASE 1:
Atrial Systole
→ Both Atria are in Systole (contracted)
→ Both Ventricles are in Diastole (relaxed)
→ Rising blood pressure in Atria forces blood to
enter the 2 Ventricles through the AV valves.
→ AV valves are open; SLV closed.
PHASE 2:
Ventricular Systole
→ Both ventricles in Systole (contracted)
→ Atria in Diastole (relaxed)
→ Rising BP forces blood to enter pulmonary trunk
to pulmonary arteries and aorta through the
SLVs.
→ SLVs are opened; AV valves are closed.
PHASE 3
Atrial and Ventricular Diastole
→ Both Atria and Ventricles in diastole (relaxed)
→ Pressure in all chambers low.
→ Blood returns to the heart to fill both Atria and
flows passively into the Ventricles.
→ Both AV valves open; SLV closed.
→ Period of DIASTISIS
→ The Cardiac Cycle is then repeated
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART SOUNDS C. Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Auscultation - Elastic and Collagen fibers
- The action of listening to sounds from the heart, - Vasa vasorum (vessel of vessels)
lungs, or other organs, typically with a - Helps anchor vessel to surrounding tissue.
stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis.

- Sound of heartbeat comes primarily from Blood

Turbulence caused by Closing of Heart valves.

4 Heart sounds in each Cardiac cycle; Only 2 are loud

enough to be heard.

S1
Lubb sound
- Louder and a bit longer than S2
- Caused by blood turbulence with the closure of
the AV valves.

S2 1. ARTERIES
Dupp sound Elastic Arteries
- Shorter than S1 - Largest Arteries in the body
- Caused by blood turbulence with closure of the - Largest diameter among arteries but vessel walls
Semilunar valves. are relatively thin.

BLOOD VESSELS Muscular Arteries

5 MAIN TYPES
1. Arteries – Carry blood AWAY from the heart.
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries – Site of exchange
4. Venules
5. Veins – Carry blood Towards the heart.
LAYERS
A. Tunica Interna (Intima)
- Inner lining; in direct contact with blood
- Endothelium continues with endocardial lining of
the heart.
- Active role in vessel-related activities
B. Tunica Media
- Muscular and Connective tissue layer
- Greatest variation among vessel types
- Smooth muscle regulates diameter of lumen.
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- Medium sized arteries
- Tunica media contains more smooth muscle and
fewer elastic fibers than elastic arteries.
- Capable of greater Vasoconstriction and
Vasodilation
2. ARTERIOLES
- Abundant microscopic vessels
- Metarteriole: has precapillary sphincter which
monitors blood flow into capillaries.
- Sympathetic Innervation and local chemical
mediators can alter diameter, thus blood flow
and resistance.
- Resistance vessels: resistances are opposition to
blood flow.
3. CAPILLARIES
- Microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to
venules.
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Also known as Exchange vessels; primary
function is exchange between blood and
interstitial fluid.
Lacks Tunica media and Tunica externa.
- Substances pass through just one layer and
endothelial cells and basement membrane.
- Process of diffusion
4. VENULES
- Thinner walls than arterial counter parts
- Post capillary venule – smallest venule.
- Form part of microcirculatory exchange unit
within capillaries.
5. VEINS
- Structural changes not as distinct as in arteries
- In general, very thin walls in relaxation to total
diameter.
- Not designed to withstand high pressure.
- Also called “Capacitance vessels”
• Valves folds on Tunica interna forming cusps.
- Aid in venous return by preventing backflow.
FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD FLOW
1. CARDIAC OUTPUT
- Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle
(or right ventricle) into the aorta (pulmonary
trunk) per minute.
- CO+ heart rate (HR) x Strok volume (SV)
Factors that increase stroke volume or heart rate
normally increase Cardia Output
a. Exercise
b. Hormones
Arterial Pulse or Heart Rate
- Alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial
wall felt in any artery close to body surface.
- Corresponds to the beating of the heart.
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TACHYCARDIA
- Heartbeat of MORE than 100 beats per minute in
an adult
BRADYCARDIA
- Heartbeat of LESS than 60 beats per minute in an
adult.
2. Vascular Resistance
- Opposition in blood flow due to friction between
blood and walls of blood vessels.
- Depends on:
a. Size of Lumen- Vasoconstriction makes
lumen smaller meaning greater resistance.
b. Blood Viscosity- Ratio of RBC to plasma and
protein viscosity, higher viscosity means
higher resistance.
c. Total Blood vessel length- Resistance directly
proportional to length of vessel
- 400 miles of additional blood vessels for each
2.2lb of fat.
3. Blood Pressure
- Contraction of ventricles generates blood
pressure.
Systolic BP – Highest pressure attained in arteries
during Systole.
Diastolic BP – Lowest atrial pressure during
Diastole
• BP = Cardiac output (CO) x Total Peripheral
Resistance (TPR)
REGULATION OF BLOOD FLOW AND PRESSURE
1. NEURAL REGULATION: Medulla Oblongata
- Cardiovascular center
- Helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume.
- Also contains neural, hormonal, and local
negative feedback systems that regulate blood
pressure and blood flow to specific tissues.
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 11 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Groups of Neurons regulate heart rate, PERICARDITIS
contractility of ventricles and blood vessel - Inflammation of the membrane that surrounds
diameter. the heart (pericardium)

Baroreceptor Reflexes CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

→ Pressure sensitive receptors in internal carotid - Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable
arteries and other large arteries in neck and to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
chest
- Carotid sinus reflex helps regulate blood pressure HYPERTENSION
in the brain. - “High Blood Pressure”
- Aortic Valve regulates systemic blood pressure. - Consistent resting blood pressure equal to or
greater than 140/90 mm/Hg.
Chemoreceptors Reflexes
→ Receptors located close to baroreceptors of LEUKEMIA
carotid sinus (carotid bodies) and aortic art - Bone marrow produces a large number of
(aortic bodies) Abnormal White blood cells (WBC)
- - Detect hypoxia (low O2)
- Hypercapnia (High CO2) MURMURS
- Acidosis (High H= and signals to the CV. - Abnormal Heart sounds

2. Hormonal Regulation of Blood pressure MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system - “Heart attack”
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood
- Antidiuretic and (ADH) or Vasopressin supply.
- Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
- Abnormal Hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to
CLINICAL INTERESTS a Sickel Shape (crescent moon): Abnormal cells
ANEMIA stick to the Capillaries.
- Blood does not have enough red blood cells
(Hemoglobin) to carry an adequate amount of THALASSEMIA
oxygen to the body cells. - Inherited from Anemia; Defective hemoglobin
chain causes small, pale, and short-lived RBCs.
ANUERISM
- Ballooned, Weakened Atrial Wall THROMBOPHLEMBITIS
- Blood Clots and Inflammation develops in the
CARDITIS brain.
- Inflammation of the Heart
VARICOSE VEINS
ENDOCARDITIS - Twisted, Enlarged veins.
- Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart. - Most commonly affects the veins in the legs.

MYOCARDITIS AGGLUTINATION (Blood Sampling)

- Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart. - Clumping of Red Blood Cells
- Antigens- Surface of RBC: Antibody bind to Plasma.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F