BIOLOGY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 1

SECTION – A
Q. 1.  (i) (c) Hypohydrophilous
(ii)
(b) ampulla
(iii)
(a)  complete sex linkage
(iv)
(d) Uracil
(a)  Pithecanthropus
(v)
(vi)
(c) Random mating
(vii)
(b) gravitational
(viii) (b)  leaf fall and dormancy
(ix)
(b) palatine
(c)  Streptomyces venezuelae
(x)
Q. 2. (i)
Condoms in male, cervical caps and vaults in females.
(ii) Two molecules each of histone proteins, viz. H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are the
nucleosomal 'core' histones.
(iii) Gamete mortality, zygote mortality are the two types of post-zygotic isolating
mechanisms.
(iv) 
Root hairs are ephemeral structures in the roots.
(v) 
The layer of squamous epithelium lining the alveolus, basement membrane and
a layer of squamous epithelium lining the capillary wall help in gaseous exchange
between the alveolar air and the blood.
(vi) 
The soil characteristics along with pH, mineral composition and topography, and
climatic factors determine the vegetation of an area.
(vii)
Lice, mosquito feeding on human blood and ticks parasitic on dogs.
(viii) 
India has three of world’s biodiversity, viz. Western Ghats, Indo-Burma and
eastern Himalayas.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1) Microsporogenesis : The process in which each microspore mother cell divides
meiotically to form tetrad of haploid microspores (pollen grains).
Megasporogenesis : It is the process of formation of haploid megaspores from
(2) 
diploid megaspore mother cell.

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Q. 4. Pleiotropy :
(1) When a single gene controls two or more different traits, it is called a pleiotropic
gene and the phenomenon is known as pleiotropy or pleiotropism. The pleiotropic
ratio is always 1 : 2 instead of normal 3 : 1. In pleiotropy a single gene produces
two different expressions.
(2) Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by the gene HbS. The healthy or normal gene which
is dominant is HbA. The heterozygotes or carriers i.e., HbA/Hbs show anaemia as
there is deficiency of haemoglobin due to sickling of RBCs. Abnormally low
concentration of oxygen can cause sickling of RBCs.
(3) The homozygotes possessing the recessive gene HbS die because of fatal anaemia
because the gene for sickle-cell anaemia is lethal in homozygous condition and
causes sickle-cell trait in heterozygous carrier.
(4) When two carriers are married they will produce normal carriers and sickle-cell
anaemic children in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Out of these three children sickle-cell
anaemic child will die leaving the ratio 1 : 2 instead of 3 : 1.
Q. 5. (1) Endosperm, that is developed after fertilization is a nutritive tissue for developing
embryo.
(2) Endosperm stores food material.
(3) In some seeds this reserved food is partially utilized by embryo for development,
E.g; Castor.
(4) The endosperm remains in the seed and it is utilized further during seed germination.
Hence the seed is endospermic or albuminous.
Q. 6. (1)  Graafian follicle – (d) Release of secondary oocyte
(2) Uterus – (a) Site of implantation
(3)  Fallopian tube – (c) Site of fertilization
(4) Vagina – (b)  Birth canal
Q. 7.

Fig. Structure of root hair

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Q. 8. Effects after application of gibberellins :
(1)  Gibberellins break dormancy of bud, dormancy of seed.
(2) They promote seed germination in cereals by activating or synthesising enzyme
amylase to produce sugar.
(3) Gibberellins induce elongation of the cells in stem hence increase in internode
length is noticed.
(4) In rosette plants like cabbage it causes ‘bolting’ that is increase in internode length
before flowering.
Q. 9. Apical dominance :
(1) The presence of apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral buds. This phenomenon
in which the apical (terminal) bud is active and lateral buds remain inactive is
called apical dominance.
(2) It is believed that apical dominance is controlled by an auxin which is synthesized
in the apical bud.
(3) From the apical bud, the auxin migrates to the lateral buds and inhibits their
growth.
(4) 
When apical bud is removed, the lateral buds grow and form branches. For
producing more branches therefore, the apical buds are removed.
Q. 10. Pacemaker :
(1) Pacemaker is the region in the heart which initiates the beating.
(2) The natural pacemaker of the heart is sinoatrial node (SA node).
(3) The pacemaker is autorhythmic, it is able to repeatedly and rhythmically generate
impulses.
(4) SA node is responsible for initiation of cardiac excitation. Therefore, it is called
a pacemaker.
Q. 11. Nervous system of Planaria :
Planaria is a flatworm and belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
(1) 
(2) It is the most primitive animal with a Central nervous System (CnS) located on
the ventral side of body.
(3) Nervous system consists of a mass of cerebral or cephalic ganglion appearing like
an inverted U-shaped brain.
(4) Ventrally from below the ganglia arise a pair of Ventral nerve Cords (VnC) or
long nerve cords. These are interconnected to each other by transfer nerve or
commissure in a ladder like manner.
(5) The PNS include sensory cells arranged in lateral cords in the body.

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Q. 12. Typhoid is caused due to Salmonella typhi which is a Gram-negative bacterium,
transmitted from a patient or carrier to another healthy person through contaminated
food or water. Flying insects, mostly houseflies transmit the bacteria from faeces to
the food. Poor hygienic habits and improper public sanitation system spreads typhoid.
Therefore, it is said to be food and water-borne disease.
Q. 13.

Fig. Formation of antigen-antibody complex

Q. 14. Alcoholic beverages :

(1) Alcoholic beverages are the products of alcoholic fermentation of particular
substrates.
(2) Tubular tower fermenters are used to produce alcoholic beverages on a large scale.
(3) Wine and whisky are prepared respectively from grapes and fermenting mixed
grains of wheat, barley and corn followed by the distillation of the products of
fermentation.
(4) Liquors like beer, wine are produced without distillation while whisky, rum and
brandy are distilled alcoholic beverages. Beer is produced from barley by
fermentation. For the production of beer, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are
used.
(5) Toddy is prepared by fermenting the sugar sap extracted from palms and coconut
palms while fenny is fermented by fleshy pedicels of cashew fruits.

SECTION – C
Q. 15. (1) Apomixis : The phenomenon of formation of embryo(s) by asexual methods
without formation of gametes and fertilization is termed as apomixis.
(2) There are three main categories of apomixis. (a) Recurrent (b) Non-recurrent and
(c) Adventive embryony.
(a) Recurrent apomixis : in this diploid sporophytic cell, archesporial cell or
nucellus form embryos, when diploid megaspore mother cell forms embryo
sac it is known as diplospory. It is also called apospory.

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 (b) Non-recurrent apomixis : Haploid embryo sac is formed but the embryos
arise either from egg cell or any other haploid cell. It is also known as
apogamy.
(c) Adventive Embryony : In this in addition to normal zygotic embryo,
additional embryos develop from nucellus or integuments. It results in
polyembryony.
Q. 16. Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(A) Autosomal disorder Edward’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome
(B) Sex chromosomal disorder Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome
(C)  Mendelian disorder Sickle-cell anemia, Thalassemia

Q. 17. Industrial melanism :

(1) Industrial melanism is the best example of natural selection which was studied by
Kettlewell in U.K.
(2) Before industrialisation, in Great Britain, greyish white Biston betularia were
more in number than melanic Biston carbonaria..
(3) White-winged moth can camouflage well with the lichen covered whitish barks
of trees. They thus escaped the attention of the predatory birds. But at the same
time melanic forms were visible due to white barks of the trees. Their number
was thus reduced as they were preyed upon by birds.
(4) Later due to industrial revolution, which ultimately there was air pollution,
resulting into dark barks and destruction of lichens. This was advantageous for
melanic forms and their number increased.
(5) White-winged moths became clearly seen in changed colours of the trees and thus
they were easily caught by predatory birds. This caused decrease in their number.
(6) Natural selection thus acted in changed environmental conditions and helped in
the establishment of a phenotypic traits.
Q. 18. (1) Rhizosphere water : The microenvironment surrounding the root is called
rhizosphere. Water present here is absorbed by plants.
(2) Water present in the deep soil is gravitational water. This is not available to plants
for absorption as it percolated deep down in to the soil due to gravity.
(3) Other types of water occur in the form of hygroscopic water, combined water and
capillary water.
(4) Hygroscopic water is present in the fine soil particles of soil. Water present in the
form of hydrated oxides of silicon and aluminium is called combined water.
(5)  Both these types of water is not available to plants.

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 (6) Capillary water which is present in the pores present between the neighbouring
soil particles, due to capillarity is available for the plants.
Q. 19. (a) ABA includes the plant to bear the adverse environmental conditions. It inhibits
flowering on long day plants. It accelerates the senescence of leaves, flowers and
fruits therefore it is called stress hormone.
(b) Auxin has primary effect of cell enlargement on the plants. It stimulates growth
of stem and root. It induces multiplication of cells and stimulates formation of
lateral and adventitious roots. Therefore, it is called a growth regulator.
Q. 20. (1) Double circulation : Movement of blood twice through the heart during one
circulation cycle is called double circulation. Body  heart  lungs  heart 
body is the course of double circulation.
(2) Significance of double circulation : 
(a) Double circulation is more effective type of circulation in which oxygenated
and deoxygenated type of blood do not intermix.
(b) The systemic circulation i.e. from body to heart and back to body while the
pulmonary circulation i.e. from heart to lungs and back to heart circulate the
blood uniformly.
(3) Coronary and hepatic portal circulation is also achieved due to double circulation.
Q. 21. I. Heart : 
(1) Heart walls secrete Atrial natriuretic hormone / ANF.
(2) ANF increases sodium excretion [natriuresis] along with water.
(3) It acts along with kidneys and reduces blood pressure by lowering blood
volume.
II.  Kidney : 
(1) Kidney produces renin, erythropoietin and calcitriol (calcitriol is the active
form of vitamin cholecalciferol (D3).
(2) Renin along with angiotensin helps in maintaining the blood pressure in the
renal artery by vasoconstriction.
(3) Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis.
(4) Calcitriol helps in absorbing calcium from the stomach.
Q. 22. (1) Biogas is a mixture of methane CH4 (50 – 60%), CO2 (30 – 40%), H2S (0 – 3%) and
other gases (CO, N2, H2) in traces.
(2)  Biogas production process : 
(a) A typical biogas plant consists of digester (made up of concrete bricks and
cement or steel and is partly buried in the soil) and gas holder (a cylindrical
gas tank to collect gases).
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 (b) Raw materials like cow dung is mixed with water in equal proportion to make
slurry which is fed into the digester through a side opening (charge pit).
(c) Anaerobic digestion involves following processes : 
 i. Hydrolysis or solubilization : Anaerobic hydrolyzing bacteria like
Clostridium and Pseudomonas hydrolyse carbohydrates into simple
sugars, proteins into amino acids and lipids into fatty acids.
 ii.  Acidogenesis  :  Facultative and obligate anaerobic, acidogenic bacteria
convert simple organic substances into acids like formic acid, acetic acid,
H2 and CO2.
Methanogenesis  :
iii.  Anaerobic methanogenic bacteria like
Methanobacterium, Methanococcus convert acetate, H2 and CO2 into
Methane, CO2 and H2O and other products.
12 mol CH3COOH   12CH4 + 12CO2
4 mol H.COOH   CH4 + 3CO2  + 2H2O
CO2 + 4H2   CH4 + 2H2O
Q. 23.

Q. 24. (a) The job of t-RNA is to pick up amino acids and transport them to ribosomes.
t-RNA is an adapter molecule. It reads the codons of m-RNA and also
simultaneously transfer specific amino acid to m-RNA ribosome complex. It
binds with amino acid at its 3’ end,
(b) In prokaryotes, translation can start before transcription is complete, as both these
processes occur in the same compartment, i.e. cytoplasm. But in eukaryotes,
transcription and processing of hnRNA occurs in nucleus. hnRNA then comes out
of the nucleus through nuclear pores and then it is translated at ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.
(c) (1) Translation is the process in which sequence of codons of m-RNA is decoded
and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form a
polypeptide on ribosomes.
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 (2) Ribosome has one binding site for m-RNA. It orients m-RNA molecule in
such a way that all the codons are properly read.
(3) Ribosome has three binding sites for t-RNA : P-site (peptidyl t-RNAsite),
A-site (aminoacyl t-RNA-site) and E-site (exit site).
(4) t-RNAs place the required amino acids in correct sequence and translate the
coded message of RNA.
(5) In eukaryotes, a groove which is present between two subunits of ribosomes,
protects the polypeptide chain from the action of cellular enzymes and also
protects m-RNA from the action of nucleases.
(6) Thus ribosome plays an important role in translation.
Q. 25. Behavioural adaptation in animals :
(1) Behavioural responses to cope with variations in their environment are shown by
few animals.
(2) Desert lizards manage to keep their body temperature fairly constant by behavioural
adaptations. They bask in the sun and absorb heat, when their body temperature
drops below the comfort zone, but move into shade, when the ambient temperature
starts increasing. Even snakes also show basking during winter months.
(3) Since they are ectothermic, this kind of behaviour saves them from extreme
temperatures.
(4) Many smaller animals show burrowing behaviour to adapt to the temperature
extremes.
(5) Some species burrow into the sand to hide and escape from the heat.
(6) Migrations shown by the birds and mammals are also behavioural responses for
adapting to severe winter temperatures.
Q. 26. Succession in aquatic habitat :
(1) In aquatic habitats the pioneer species in primary succession are the small
phytoplankton.
(2) Phytoplankton are replaced by rooted-submerged plants (e.g. Hydrilla), rooted-
floating angiosperms (e.g. Lotus) followed by free-floating plants (e.g.Pistia),
then reed swamp (e.g. Typha), marsh-meadow (e.g. Cyperus), scrub (e.g. Alnus)
and finally the trees (e.g. Quercus) in a very systematic and gradual way.
(3) The climax again would be formation of forest. With passage of time, the water
body is converted into land.

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 SECTION – D
Q. 27.

(1) The DNA segment and excess of two primer molecules, four types of dNTPs, the
thermostable DNA polymerase are mixed together in ‘eppendorf tube’.
(2) One PCR cycle is of 3 – 4 minutes duration and it involves following steps : 
(a) Denaturation : The reaction mixture is heated at 90° – 98°C. Due to this
hydrogen bonds in the DNA break and two strands of DNA separate. This is
called denaturation.
Annealing of primer : When the reaction mixture is cooled to 40° – 60°C,
(b) 
the primer pairs with its complementary sequences in ssDNA. This is called
annealing.
Extension of primer : In this step, the temperature is increased to 70° – 75°C.
(c) 
At this temperature thermostable Taq DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to
3’end of primer using single-stranded DNA as template. This is called primer
extension. Duration of this step is about two minutes.

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 (3) In an automatic thermal cycler, the above three steps are automatically repeated
20 – 30 times.
(4) Thus, at the end of ‘n’ cycles 2n copies of DNA segments, get synthesized.
Q. 28. Griffith's transformation experiment :
(1) In 1928, Frederick Griffith, carried out experiments with bacterium Streptococcus
pneumoniae (which causes pneumonia in humans and other mammals).
(2) Griffith used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae :
(a) S-type (Virulent, smooth, pathogenic and encapsulated).
(b) R-type (Non-virulent, rough, non-pathogenic and non-capsulated).
(3) Experiments carried out by F. Griffith :
(a) Mice were injected with R-strain bacteria and they survived (no pneumonia).
(b) Mice injected with S-strain bacteria developed pneumonia and died.
(c) When heat-killed S-strain bacteria were injected in mice, the mice survived.
(d) On injecting a mixture of heat-killed S-bacteria and live R bacteria, the mice
died.
(4) Griffith obtained live S-strain bacteria from the blood of the dead mice.
(5) He concluded that the live R-strain bacteria must have picked up something
(which he called transforming principle) from the heat killed S bacterium, and got
changed into S-type. Transforming principle allowed R-type to synthesize capsule
and it became virulent.
(6) Thus, F. Griffith first demonstrated genetic transformations.
Q. 29. Blood corpuscles are of three types, viz. erythrocytes (RBCs), white blood corpuscles
(WBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets).
I.  Erythrocytes or Red blood cells :
(1) They are circular, boconcave and enucleated cells with 7 µm diameter and
thickness of 2.5 µm
(2) The RBC count varies in two different sexes but ranges between 4 to 6 million
RBCs / cubic mm of blood.
(3) RBCs are formed in bone marrow by process of erythropoiesis. In young, they
are formed in liver and spleen too.
Functions of RBCs : 
(i) Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to
lungs with the help of haemoglobin.
(ii) Maintenance of blood pH as haemoglobin acts as a buffer.

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 II.  Leucocytes or White blood cells :

Fig. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

(1)  WBCs are colouriess, nucleated, amoeboid and phagocytic cells.

(2) Their size ranges between 8 to 15 µm. Total WBC count is 5000 to 9000 WBCs/
cu mm of blood. The average life span of a WBC is about 3 to 4 days.
(3) They are formed by leucopoiesis in red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
thymus and payer’s patches, whereas the dead WBCs are destroyed by phagocytosis
in blood, liver and lymph nodes.
(4) Leucocytes are mainly divided into two types, viz., granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes are of three subtypes, viz. neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
while agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.
(5) The main function of WBC is to protect the body by the production of antibodies
and also by phagocytosis.
III.  Thrombocytes or platelets :
(1) Thrombocytes or platelets are non-nucleated, round and biconvex blood corpuscles.
(2) They are smallest corpuscles measuring about 2.5 to 5 mm in diameter with a
count of about 2.5 lakhs/cu mm of blood.
(3) Their life span is about 5 to 10 days.
(4) Thrombocytes are formed from megakaryocytes of bone marrow. They break
from these cells as fragments during the process of thrombopoiesis.
(5) They help in blood coagulation.

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Q. 30. (1) Before conduction of nerve impulse, the cell membrane is in the polarized state.
(2) When a stimulus is applied at a site on the polarised membrane, the membrane at
that site becomes freely permeable to Na+.
(3) This leads to a rapid influx of Na+ followed by the reversal of the polarity at that
site, i.e., the outer surface of the membrane becomes negatively charged and the
inner side becomes positively charged.
(4) The polarity of the membrane at that site [site A] is thus reversed and hence
depolarised. The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at the
site of stimulation is called the action potential, which is in fact termed as a
nerve impulse.
(5) At sites immediately ahead [site B], the axon membrane has a positive charge on
the outer surface and a negative charge on its inner surface. As a result, a current
flows on the inner surface from site A to site B.

(6) On the outer surface current flows from site B to site A to complete the circuit
of current flow. Hence, the polarity at the site is reversed, and an action potential
is generated at site B. Thus, the impulse (action potential) generated at site A
arrives at site B.
(7) The sequence is repeated along the length of the axon and consequently the
impulse is conducted.
(8) The rise in the stimulus-induced permeability to Na+ is extremely short-lived. It
is quickly followed by a rise in permeability to K+.
(9) Within a fraction of a second, K+ diffuses outside the membrane and restores the
resting potential of the membrane at the site of excitation and the fibre becomes
once more responsive to further stimulation.

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Q. 31. Process of fertilization in human beings :
(1) Fertilization is the process of fusion of the haploid male and female gametes
which results in the formation of a diploid zygote (2n).
(2) In human beings fertilization is internal. Sperms deposited in vagina, swim across
the uterus and fertilize the ovum in ampulla of the fallopian tube. Deposition of
sperms by male into female genital tract is called insemination.

Fig. Process of Fertilization

(3) The following events occur during the process of fertilization : 

(i) Movement of sperms towards the egg : Sperm undergoes capacitation due
to which acrosome membrane becomes thin allowing the entry of Ca++ ions
in it. Due to capacitation sperm reaches ampulla of fallopian tubes.
(ii) Entry of sperm into egg : Hyaluronidase is produced by sperm head due to
which cells of corona radiata are separated. Fertilizin of zona pellucida and
antifertilizin of sperminteraction takes place.
(iii) Acrosome reaction : Sperm head produces lytic enzyme called acrosin or
zona lysin which dissolves the egg membrane. Vitelline membrane is changed
into fertilization membrane. This prevents polyspermy.
Activation of ovum : Ovum is activated to undergo meiosis II. Now it
(iv) 
becomes true ovum.
Fusion of egg and sperm : In this event, syngamy, i.e fusion of male and
(v) 
female nuclei takes place forming a zygote.

————

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