RAVI – III

PHYSICS D0685PHY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 3

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (a) remains unchanged

iR
(ii) (c) 
2f
2m91
(iii) (b)
2n
1 1 1
(iv) (b) : ;
  
  
(v) (b) 5/3
(vi) (a) in the emitter
(vii) (d) Wien
(viii) (a)  MR

(ix) (a) 5.54 A·m
(x) (b) 0.48 m

Q. 2. (i) The moment of inertia of a hollow right circular cone about its central symmetry
1
axis is MR, the same as that of a disc about its transverse symmetry axis. This is
2
because the distribution of mass of the hollow cone about its central symmetry axis
is the same as that of a disc.
(ii) Zeroth law of thermodynamics : If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
1 1
(iii) PE: kx and total energy:(PE)max : kA
2 2


PE x 
 :
(PE)max A


20 x  1 x
 :  :
100 5 5 25
 x:5  x:< (5 cm:< 2.236 cm
This is the required displacement.
(iv) Kelvin’s method of determination of the galvanometer resistance is an equal
deflection method. The balance point in Kelvin’s method is a point on the wire for
which the bridge network is balanced and the galvanometer shows no change in
deflection.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1
 RAVI – III
(v) The orbital magnetic moment of an electron, of charge e and revolving with speed D0685PHY
1
v in an orbit of radius r, is evr.
2
97 97
(vi) Data :  :5.2;10 m,  :6.5;10 m
 
D
W:
d
 D and d remaining the same,
W  5.2;10\
: : : 0.8
W  6.5;10\
 
(vii) The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface when electromag-
netic radiation of appropriate frequency is incident on it is known as photoelectric
effect.

(viii) NAND gate :

Truth table :
Inputs Output
A B Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

Boolean expression :
Y:A.B

SECTION – B
92 97
Q. 3. Data : N:100, R:8;10 m, I:0.4 A,  :4;10 T.m/A

 NI
B: 
2R
97
(4;10 )(100)(0.4) 94
: 9
:3.142;10 T
2(8;10 )
This is the magnetic field at the centre of the coil.

Q. 4. A car while taking a turn performs circular motion. If the road is level (i.e., horizonal),
the necessary centripetal force is the force of static friction between the car tyres and the
road surface.
The friction depends upon the nature of the surfaces in contact and the presence of
oil and water on the road. If the friction is inadequate, a speeding car may skid off the
road. Since the friction changes with circumstances, it cannot be relied upon to be the
necessary centripetal force. Moreover, friction results in fast wear and tear of the tyres.
2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
To avoid the risk of skidding as well as to reduce the wear and tear of the car tyres, D0685PHY
the road surface at a bend is tilted inward, i.e., the outer side of the road is raised above
its inner side. This is called banking of a road. On a banked road, the resultant of the
normal reaction and the gravitational force can act as the necessary centripetal force.
Thus, every car can be safely driven on such a banked curve at the designed optimum
speed, without depending on friction. Hence, a road should be properly banked at a bend.

Q. 5. (i) A substance which is largely opaque to thermal radiation, i.e., a substance which
does not transmit heat radiation incident on it, is known as an athermanous
substance.
(ii) A substance through which heat radiation can pass is known as a diathermanous
substance.

Q. 6. Consider a long air-cored solenoid of length l, diameter d and N turns of wire. We

assume that the length of the solenoid is much greater than its diameter so that the
magnetic field inside the solenoid may be considered to be uniform, that is, end effects
in the solenoid can be ignored. With a steady current I in the solenoid, the magnetic field
within the solenoid is
B: nI … (1)

where n:N/l is the number of turns per unit length. So the magnetic flux through one
turn is
m :BA: nIA … (2)

Hence, the self inductance of the solenoid,
Nm
L: :(nl) nA: nlA: nV … (3)
I   
d
: nl … (4)
 4
where V:lA is the interior volume of the solenoid. Equation (3) or (4) gives the
required expression.

Q. 7. Consider some quantity of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a light,
movable, and frictionless piston. Suppose the gas is compressed by moving the piston
inward extremely slowly. There is increase in pressure of the gas as the volume of the
gas decreases. The figure shows the corresponding P – V diagram.
Vf

In this case, the work done by the gas on its surroundings, W: PdV (:area under
Vi

the curve) is negative as the volume of the gas has decreased from Vi to Vf .
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3
 RAVI – III
D0685PHY

Negative work with varying pressure

Q. 8. Data : T :40 N, n :440 Hz, T :40 N90.72 N:39.28 N

  

1 T
n:  n. (T  n  n (B T  T )
2L m    

n T 39.28
 : : :(0.982:0.9909
n T 40
 
 n :440;0.9909:436 Hz

 The beat frequency,
n 9n :4409436:4 Hz
 
Q. 9. Data : ng :1.72, y :90W, :5.76;10 97 m

D
The shift in the fringe pattern, y : (ng 91) b
 d
D
The fringe width, W:
d
D D
 (ng 91) b:90 (B y :90W)
d d 
90  90 (5.76;10 97) 9;5.76;10 96
 b: : : :9;8;10 96
(ng 91) 1.7291 0.72
:0.072;10 93 m:0.072 mm

Q. 10. The half-life of a radioactive element is defined as the average time interval during
which half of the initial number of nuclei of the element disintegrate.
Let N be the number of nuclei of a radioactive element present at time t:0 and

N, the number of nuclei present at time t. From the law of radioactive decay,
N:N e 9t

where  is the decay constant of the element.
N
If T1/2 is the half-life of the element, then, N:  when t:T1/2.
2
N
  :N e 9T1/2
2 
4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
1
 :e 9T1/2  2:e 9T1/2 D0685PHY

2
 loge 2:T1/2
loge 2 2.303 log 2 2.303;0.3010
 T1/2 : :  :
  
0.693
 T1/2 :

This is the relation between the half-life and the decay constant of a radioactive
element.

Q. 11. The gravitational force on the proton should be balanced by the force due to the electric
field. So, the electric field must be directed up; the upper plate should be at negative
potential and the lower plate at positive potential, as shown.

mp g
 eE:mp g  E:
e

Data : mp :1.67;10 927 kg, d:4 cm:4;1092 m, e:1.6;10 919 C, g:10 m/s

 The electric field,

(1.67;10 927) (10)

E: :1.044;10 97 V/m
1.6;10\

V
For uniform field, E: ,
d

where V:potential difference between the plates and d:distance between the plates.
 The potential difference,

V:Ed:(1.044;10 97) (4;10 92):4.176;10 99 V

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

 RAVI – III
Q. 12. Data : L:3 H, R:100 , I:2 A D0685PHY

(a) Magnetic energy stored,

1 1
Um : LI: (3) (2):6 J
2 2
(b) Power dissipated in the resistance of the coil,
P:IR:(2)(100):400 W

Q. 13. Streamline flow Turbulent flow

1. The steady flow of a fluid, with 1. A non-steady irregular fluid flow in

velocity less than certain critical
velocity is called streamline or
laminar flow.
2. In a streamline flow, the velocity of a
fluid at a given point is always
constant.
3. Streamlines do not change and never
intersect.
4. The fluid flow is laminar over a
surface, and is in the form of coaxial
cylinders through a pipe.
which streamlines and flowtubes
change continuously with a velocity
greater than certain critical velocity is
called turbulent flow.
2. In a turbulent flow, the velocity of a
fluid at any point does not remain
constant.
3. Streamlines and flowtubes change
continuously.
4. Fluid particles still move in general
towards the main direction as before.
But now all sorts of secondary
motions cause eddies or vortices.

Q. 14. Characteristics of a series LCR AC resonance circuit :

(1) Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance.
1
Resonant frequency, fr : .
2(LC
(2) Impedance is minimum and the circuit is purely resistive.
(3) Current is maximum.
(4) Frequencies, other than the resonant frequency ( fr ) are rejected. Only fr is
accepted. Hence, it is called the acceptor circuit.

SECTION – C

Q. 15. Data : L- :912 At

1
For hydrogen spectrum, :RH

1
9
1
n m


1
L-
: RH

1
9
1 -
1
:RH as n:1 and m:- … (1)

1
B-
: RH

1 1
9
4 - R
: H as n:2 and m:-
4
… (2)

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII



RAVI – III
1 1 1 R
: RH 9 : H as n:3 and m:- … (3) D0685PHY
Pa- 9 - 9
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get,
B- R
: H :4
L- RH /4
 B- :4L- :(4)(912):3648 At
This is the series limit of the Balmer series.
From Eqs. (1) and (3), we get,
Pa- R
: H :9
L- RH /9
 Pa- :9L- :(9) (912):8208 At
This is the series limit of the Paschen series.

Q. 16. Consider a small spherical liquid drop with a radius R. It has a convex surface, so that
the pressure p on the concave side (inside the liquid) is greater than the pressure p on

the convex side (outside the liquid). The surface area of the drop is
A:4R … (1)

Imagine an increase in radius by an infinitesimal amount dR from the equilibrium value

R. Then, the differential increase in surface area would be
dA:8R · dR … (2)

The increase in surface energy would be equal to the work required to increase the
surface area :
dW:T · dA:8TRdR … (3)

Infinitesimal increase dR in the radius of a liquid drop

We assume that dR is so small that the pressure inside remains the same, equal to p.
All parts of the surface of the drop experience an outward force per unit area equal to
p9p . Therefore, the work done by this outward pressure-developed force against the

surface tension force during the increase in radius dR is
dW:(excess pressure;surface area) · dR
:(p9p );4R · dR … (4)

From Eqs. (3) and (4),
(p9p );4R · dR:8TRdR

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7
 RAVI – III
2T
 p9p : … (5) D0685PHY
 R
which is called Laplace’s law for a spherical membrane (or the Young-Laplace
equation in spherical form).

Q. 17. A device or a circuit which rectifies only one-half of each cycle of an alternating
voltage is called a half-wave rectifier.
Electric circuit : The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied across the
primary coil (P P ) of a transformer. The secondary coil (S S ) of the transformer is
   
connected in series with the junction diode and a load resistance RL , as shown in Fig. 1
The alternating voltage across the secondary coil is the ac input voltage Vi. The dc
voltage across the load resistance is called the output voltage Vo .

P P , S S : Primary and secondary coils of transformer,

   
D : Junction diode, RL : Load resistance, IL : Load current,
Vi : AC input voltage, Vo : DC output voltage

Fig. 1 : Half-wave rectifier circuit

Working : Due to the alternating voltage Vi , the p-region of the diode becomes
alternatively positive and negative with respect to the n-region.

During the half-cycle when the p-region is positive, the diode is forward biased
and conducts. A current IL passes through the load resistance RL in the direction shown.

Fig. 2 : Voltage waveforms for a half-wave rectifier (a) input (b) output

8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 RAVI – III
During the next half cycle, when the p-region is negative, the diode is reverse D0685PHY
biased and the forward current drops to zero.
Thus, the diode conducts only during one-half of the input cycle and thus acts as a
half-wave rectifier. The intermittent output voltage Vo has a fixed polarity but changes
periodically with time between zero and a maximum value. IL is unidirectional.
Figure 2 shows the input and output voltage waveforms.
The pulsating dc output voltage of a half-wave rectifier has the same frequency as
the input.

Q. 18. Data : :0, :2 rps, t:8 s


Angular acceleration being constant, the average angular speed is
; 0;2
av :  : :1 rps
2 2
The angular displacement of the wheel in time t,

: av t:1;8:8 rotations
9 290 1
Angular acceleration, : : : rot/s
t 8 4
1 1

: t; t: t (B :0)
 2 2 

For
:7 rev, 7:


1 1
t
2 4 
 t :56  t :(56:7.483 s
 
The time for the last, i.e., the 8th, rotation is
t9t :897.483:0.517 s

Q. 19. The general expression for the displacement of a particle in linear SHM at time t is
x : A sin ( t ; ) … (1)
where A is the amplitude, is a constant in a particular case and  is the initial phase.
The velocity of the particle is
dx d
v: : [A sin ( t ; )]
dt dt
: A cos ( t;)
: A (1 9 sin( t ; )
From Eq. (1), sin ( t ; ) : x / A

x
 v : A 19
A
 v : (A 9 x … (2)
Equation (2) gives the velocity as a function of x.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9
 RAVI – III
The acceleration of the particle is D0685PHY

dv d
a: : [ A cos ( t ; ) ]
dt dt
 a: 9 A sin ( t ; )
But from Eq. (1), A sin ( t ; ) : x
 a : 9 x … (3)
Equation (3) gives the acceleration as a function of x. The minus sign shows that the
direction of the acceleration is opposite to that of the displacement.

Q. 20. Data : C:25 F:25;10 96 F, L:0.1 H, R:25 , e:220 sin 314t volt
The equation of a sinusoidally alternating emf is e:e sin t, where e is the peak emf.
 
Comparing the given expression with this, we get,
e :220 V, :314 rad/s

 Inductive reactance, XL : L:314;0.1:31.4 

1 1
and capacitive reactance, XC : : :127.4 
C 314;25;10\

 The reactance of the circuit,  XL 9XC :96  (capacitive, B XC XL )

Impedance, Z:( R;(XL 9XC ):((25);(96)

:(625;9216:(9841

:99.20 

e 220
Peak current, i :  : :2.218 A
 Z 99.2

The phase angle  is given by

XL 9XC 96
tan  : : 9 : 93.84
R 25

  : 975°24

i.e., the applied emf lags behind the current by 75°24.

The instantaneous value of the current is

i:i sin ( t; )


 i:2.218 sin (314 t;75°24) ampere

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 RAVI – III
Q. 21. Consider a straight wire AB resting on a pair of conducting rails separated by a distance D0685PHY
; ;
l lying wholly in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B . B points into
the page and the rails are stationary relative to the field and are connected to a
stationary resistor R.
Suppose an external agent moves the rod to the right with a constant speed v,
;
perpendicular to its length and to B . As the rod moves through a distance dx:vdt in
time dt, the area of the loop ABCD increases by dA:ldx:lv dt.

A conducting rod is moved to the right on conducting rails in a uniform magnetic field

Therefore, in time dt, the increase in the magnetic flux through the loop,
dm :BdA:Blvdt
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of the induced emf
dm Blvdt
e: : :Blv
dt dt

Q. 22. Let I and I be the currents through the two branches as shown in the figure. The
 
current through the 5  resistor will be I ; I [Kirchhoff’s current law].
 

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop ABCDEFA, we get,

95(I ;I )9I ;1.5:0
  
 6I ;5I :1.5 ... (1)
 
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop BCDEB, we get,
95(I ;I )92I ;2:0
  
 5I ;7I :2 ... (2)
 
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11
 RAVI – III
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 5 and Eq. (2) by 6, we get, D0685PHY

30I ;25I :7.5 ... (3)

 
and 30I ;42I :12 … (4)
 
Subtracting Eq. (3) from Eq. (4), we get,
17I :4.5

4.5
I : A
 17
Substituting this value of I in Eq. (1), we get,

6I ;5


4.5
17
:1.5

22.5
 6I ; :1.5
 17
22.5 28.5922.5 3
 6I :1.59 : :
 17 17 17
3 0.5
I : : A
 17;6 17
0.5 4.5 5
Current through the 5  resistance (external resistance):I ;I : ; : A
  17 17 17

Q. 23. Consider a plane wavefront AB of monochromatic light incident obliquely at an angle i

on a plane mirror MN. The wavefront AB touches the reflecting surface MN at A at
time t:0. Let v be the speed of light in the medium.

MN : Plane mirror, RA and QC : Incident rays,

AP and CS : Normals to MN, AB : Incident wavefront,
i : Angle of incidence, CE : Reflected wavefront,
r : Angle of reflection

Reflection of a plane wavefront of light at a plane surface

When wavefront AB is incident on the mirror, at first, point A becomes a secondary

source and emits secondary waves in the same medium. If T is the time taken by the
incident wavefront to travel from B to C, then BC:vT. During this time, the
secondary wave originating at A covers the same distance, so that the secondary
spherical wavelet has a radius vT at time T.

12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 RAVI – III
To construct the reflected wavefront, a hemisphere of radius vT is drawn from D0685PHY
point A. Draw a tangent EC to the secondary wavelet.

As all points on EC are in the same phase of wave motion, EC represents the
reflected wavefront.

The arrow AE shows the direction of propagation of the reflected wave.

AP is the normal to MN at A,
L RAP:i:angle of incidence and
L PAE:r:angle of reflection
In R ABC and R AEC, AC is common,
AE:BC and L ABC: L AEC:90°
 R ABC and R AEC are congruent.
 L ACE: L BAC:i … (1)
Also, as AE is perpendicular to CE and AP is perpendicular to AC,
L ACE : L PAE:r … (2)
 From Eqs (1) and (2), i:r

Thus, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This is the first law of
reflection. Also, it can be seen from the figure that the incident ray and reflected ray lie
on the opposite sides of the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence
and all of them lie in the same plane. This is the second law of reflection. Thus, the laws
of reflection of light can be deduced by Huygens’ construction of a plane wavefront.

Q. 24. Data : Tf :2 Ti, :5/3 (monatomic gas)

 
PiVi :PfVf in an adiabatic process

nRT
PV:nRT  V:
P
nRTi nRTf
 Vi : and Vf :
Pi Pf
 



nRTi nRTf
 Pi :Pf
Pi Pf




19
  T P
 Pi 19
T :P
i f
19
T
f  f : i
Ti Pf
 91





5/391 2/3
Tf P Pf Pf
 : f  25/3 : :
Ti Pi Pi Pi
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 13
 RAVI – III
5 2 P
 log 2: log f D0685PHY

3 3 Pi


5 2 P
 ;0.3010: log f
3 3 Pi


Pf
 (2.5) (0.3010):log
Pi


Pf
 0.7525:log
Pi
Pf
 :antilog 0.7525:5.656
Pi
This is the ratio of the final pressure (Pf) to the initial pressure (Pi).

Q. 25. In the Bohr model of a hydrogen atom, the electron of charge 9e performs a uniform
circular motion around the positively charged nucleus. Let r, v and T be the orbital
radius, speed and period of motion of the electron. Then,
2r
T: … (1)
v

The orbital magnetic moment associated with this orbital current loop has a magnitude,
e ev
I: : … (2)
T 2r

Therefore, the magnetic dipole moment associated with this electronic current loop has
a magnitude
Mo :current;area of the loop
ev 1
:I(r): ;r: evr … (3)
2r 2

Multiplying and dividing the right hand side of the above expression by the electron
mass me,
e e
Mo : (mevr): L … (4)
2me 2me o
;
where Lo :mevr is the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum of the electron. Mo
;
is opposite to L o .
; e ;
 Mo : 9 L … (5)
2me o
which is the required expression.
14 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
According to Bohr’s second postulate of stationary orbits in his theory of hydrogen D0685PHY
h
atom, the angular momentum of the electron in the nth stationary orbit is equal to n ,
2
where h is the Planck constant and n is a positive integer. Thus, for an orbital electron,
nh
Lo :mevr: … (6)
2
Substituting for Lo in Eq. (4),
enh
Mo :
4me
eh
For n:1, Mo :
4me
eh
The quantity is a fundamental constant called the Bohr magneton, B.
4me
 M :mB

Q. 26. Consider a straight current-carrying conductor placed in a region of uniform magnetic
;
field of induction B pointing out of the page, as shown in Fig. by the evenly placed
dots. Let the length of the conductor inside the field be l and the current in it
be I.

In metallic conductors, electrons are the charge carriers. The direction of conven-
tional current is, however, taken to be that of flow of positive charge which is opposite
to the electron current.

Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

Let dq be the positive charge passing through an element of the conductor of length
dl in time dt.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 15
 ; RAVI – III
dl has the same direction as that of the current. D0685PHY

Then, I:dq/dt … (1)

; ;
and drift velocity, vd :dl /dt … (2)
The magnetic force on the charge dq is
;
; ; ;
fm :dq (vd ;B ):dq
; ;


dl ;
dt
;B

:I (dl ;B ) (B I:dq/dt)

The charge dq is constrained to remain within the conductor. Hence, the conductor
itself experiences this force. The force on the entire part of the conductor within the
region of the magnetic field is
; ; ; ;
F : fm :I ( dl );B
; ;
:I l ;B … (3)

In magnitude, F:I l B sin

… (4)
; ;
where
is the smaller angle between l and B .

SECTION – D

Q. 27. (a) Consider an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. Let v
be the final speed of the electron. We consider the nonrelativistic case, v 
c,
where c is the speed of light in free space. The kinetic energy acquired by the
electron is
1 1
mv: (mv):eV … (1)
2 2m
where e and m are the electronic charge and mass (nonrelativistic).
Therefore, the electron momentum,

p:mv:(2meV … (2)
The de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron is
h
: … (3)
p
where h is Planck’s constant.
From Eqs. (2) and (3),
h
: … (4)
(2m e V
Equation (4) gives the required expression.
16 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
(b) Data : Slope:4.15;10\ V·s, e:1.6;10\ C D0685PHY

V e:h 9h
 

 V :

h
e


9
h
e


h
 Slope:
e

 Planck’s constant,
h:(slope) (e):(4.15;10\ ) (1.6;10\ ):6.64;10\ J·s

Q. 28. When two progressive waves having the same amplitude, wavelength and speed
propagate in opposite directions through the same region of a medium, their
superposition under certain conditions creates a stationary interference pattern called a
stationary wave.

Consider two simple harmonic progressive waves, of the same amplitude A,

wavelength  and frequency n: /2, travelling on a string stretched along the x-axis
in opposite directions. They may be represented by

y :A sin ( t9kx) (along the;x-axis) and … (1)


y :A sin ( t;kx) (along the9x-axis) … (2)

where k:2/ is the propagation constant.

By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement of the particle of the

medium at the point at which the two waves arrive simultaneously is the algebraic sum

y : y1 ;y2 : A [sin ( t9kx);sin ( t;kx)]

Using the trigonometrical identity, sin C ; sin D : 2 sin



C;D
2
cos
C9D
2
,

y : 2A sin t cos ( 9 kx)

: 2A sin t cos kx [B cos (9kx):cos (kx)]

: 2A cos kx sin t … (3)

 y : R sin t, … (4)
where R : 2A cos kx. … (5)
Equation (4) is the equation of a stationary wave.
Stationary nature : The above equation shows that the resultant disturbance is simple
harmonic having the same period as that of the individual waves and the amplitude R.
R varies periodically with the position x. The absence of the term, <kx in the sine
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 17
 RAVI – III
function implies the stationary nature, i.e., the resultant disturbance does not propagate D0685PHY
along the positive or negative x-axis. It follows that there is no energy transport in the
medium. Hence, it is called a stationary wave or a standing wave.

Stationary wave : Nodes, antinodes and phases of particles

The absence of the term in t in the cosine function shows that each particle
vibrates with a fixed amplitude that varies only with the location (x) of the particle.
Nodes and antinodes : The points at which the particles of the medium are always at
rest are called the nodes.
At nodes, R : 0.
2x 2
 cos :0 (B A " 0 and k: )
 
2x  3 5 7
 : , , , , …,
 2 2 2 2
 3 5 7 
 x : , , , , …, (2p;1) , … … (6)
4 4 4 4 4
where p:0, 1, 2, … . Therefore, the distance between successive nodes is
  
[2(p;1);1] 9 (2p;1) :
4 4 2
The points at which the particles of the medium vibrate with the maximum
amplitude are called the antinodes.
At antinodes, R : < 2A.
2x 2x
 cos :<1  : 0, , 2 , 3 , …
 
 3 p
 x : 0, , , , …, , … (p:0, 1, 2, …) … (7)
2 2 2
Therefore, the distance between successive antinodes is
(p;1)·  p 
9 :
2 2 2
18 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
 Distance between successive nodes : distance between successive antinodes D0685PHY
: /2.
From Eqs. (6) and (7), it can be seen that (i) the nodes and the antinodes occur
alternately and are equally spaced (ii) the distance between a node and an adjacent
antinode
    
:(2p;1) 9p :(2p;1) 92p : .
4 2 4 4 4

Q. 29. (a) Consider a potentiometer consisting of a long uniform wire AB of length L and
resistance R, stretched on a wooden board and connected in series with a cell of
stable emf E and internal resistance r and a plug key K as shown in the figure.

Let I be the current flowing through the wire when the circuit is closed.
E
Current through AB, I:
R;r
Potential difference across AB. VAB :IR
ER
 VAB :
(R;r)
The potential difference (the fall of potential from the high potential end) per unit
length of the wire,
VAB ER
:
L (R;r)L
VAB VAB
As long as E and r remain constant, will remain constant. is known as
L L
potential gradient along AB and is denoted by K. Thus the potential gradient is
calculated by measuring the potential difference between ends of the potentiometer
wire and dividing it by the length of the wire.
Let P be any point on the wire between A and B and AP:l:length of the wire
between A and P.
Then VAP :Kl
 VAP . l as K is constant in a particular case.
Thus, the potential difference across any length of the potentiometer wire is
directly proportional to that length. This is the principle of the potentiometer.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 19
 (b) Data : r:5;10 94 m, h:910.3 mm:91.03;10 92 m, T:0.4855 N/m,
RAVI – III
D0685PHY

:13.6;10 kg/m, g:10 m/s

rhg
T:
2 cos

rhg (5;10 94) (91.03;10 92) (13.6;10) (10)

 cos
: :
2T 2 (0.4855)
5.15;13.6
:9 ;10 92 :90.7213
0.9710
 The angle of contact,
:cos 91 (90.7213):133°50

Q. 30. Consider a point A at a distance r from a static point charge <Q, as shown in the
figure. To determine the electric potential at the point A (due to Q), imagine a test
charge q being moved from infinity up to the point A without acceleration. Because

the electric field of a point charge is not uniform, the force exerted by Q on q increases

as it approaches Q. We imagine the total displacement to be made up of a large number
;
of infinitesimal displacements dx. The distance dx is so small that, at an average
;
distance x from Q, the electrostatic force F on q has a constant magnitude

1 Qq
F: 
4 x

;
over the distance dx. The force Fext by the external agent is equal and opposite to F at
; ;
every instant : Fext :9F .

Therefore, the infinitesimal work dW done by the external agent for the displacement
;
dx is
; ;
dW:Fext . dx :Fext dx:9Fdx

A test charge moved from - to a point A in the field of a charge ;Q

1 Qq
 dW:9  dx
4 x

The total work done by the external agent in moving the test charge from infinity
up to the point P (from x:- to x:r) is the integral of dW between the limits x:-
and x:r.
20 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 x:r RAVI – III
r


D0685PHY
1 Qq
W: dW : 9  dx
4 x
x:- -

r
1 dx
:9
4

Qq
 x
-

 
r
1 1
:9 Qq 9
4  x -


:9
1
4

Qq
 

1
9 9 9
r
1
-
1 Qq
:9 
4 r

:U
where U:UA 9U- is the change in the potential energy of the test charge in moving
it from - to the point A. Choosing the potential energy of q to be zero when it is

infinitely far away from Q, its potential energy at a distance r from Q is
1 Qq
UA : 
4 r

Therefore, the electric potential at a distance r from Q is
UA 1 Q
V: :
q 4 r
 
Q. 31. (a) A perfect blackbody or simply a blackbody is defined as a body which absorbs all
the radiant energy incident on it.
Fery designed a spherical blackbody which consists of a hollow double-walled,
metallic sphere provided with a tiny hole or aperture on one side. The inside wall of
the sphere is blackened with lampblack while the outside is silver polished. The
space between the two walls is evacuated to minimize heat loss by conduction and
convection.
Any radiation entering the sphere through the aperture suffers multiple
reflections where about 97 % of it is absorbed at each incidence by the coating of
lampblack. The radiation is almost completely absorbed after a number of internal
reflections. A conical projection on the inside wall opposite the hole minimizes
probability of incident radiation escaping out.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 21

 RAVI – III
D0685PHY

Fery’s perfect blackbody

When the sphere is placed in a bath of suitable fused salts, so as to maintain it

at the desired temperature, the hole serves as a source of blackbody radiation. The
intensity and the nature of the radiation depend only on the temperature of the
walls.

M (SO ) 64
(b) Data :   : :2
M (O ) 32
 

3RT
The rms speed, vrms :
M

1
 vrms. at constant T
(M


vrms (O ) M (SO )
  :   :(2
vrms (SO ) M (O )
  
Thus, vrms (O ):(2 vrms (SO )
 

22 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII