RAVI – III

PHYSICS D0685PHY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 4

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (d) (a), (b) and (c) are all correct

(ii) (d) both p and E decrease

(iii) (c) a device that acts as an interface between two circuits using light beam

(iv) (c) 100 dynes

(v) (b) Internal energy

(vi) (a) must be an odd integral multiple of /4

(vii) (b) 9IR,;E

1
(viii) (c)
4

(ix) (b) (i) and (ii)

(x) (c) 3;10 93 C

Q. 2. (i) Logic symbol : Truth table :

Inputs
Output
A B Y

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0

(ii) The intercept on the frequency axis represents the threshold frequency for the
metal.

(iii) The permeability of air (<1.00000037) is negligible relative to that of iron, which
typically has  of several hundreds or thousands. That is, permeability of iron is
much more than that of air. Hence, magnetic lines of force prefer to pass through
iron than air.
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 RAVI – III
(iv) The frequency of SHM, D0685PHY

 1 k 1 16 4 2
f: : : : : Hz.
2 2 m 2 1 2 

(v) Definition : The electric polarization at every point within a dielectric is defined
as the electric dipole moment per unit volume.
It has the direction of the external electric field.

(vi) The work done by the gas against the external pressure is
W:(P V 9P V )/(91), where  is the adiabatic constant for the gas.
   
(vii) (1) Fluids take the shape of the container.
(2) They are capable of flowing.
(viii) The required voltage drop is V9GIg :1V9(25 ) (10 93 A)
:(190.025) V:0.975 V.

SECTION – B
Q. 3. The frequency of a conical pendulum, of string length L and semivertical angle , is

1 g
n:
2 L cos 
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the place.
From the above expression, we can see that
(i) n . (g
1
(ii) n .
(L
1
(iii) n . (if  increases, cos  decreases and n increases)
(cos 
(iv) The frequency is independent of the mass of the bob.

Q. 4. Data : r:3 mm:3;10 93 m, vt :10 cm/s:0.1 m/s, :0.833 Pa·s

The viscous force acting on the sphere,
F:6 r vt
:6 (3.142) (0.833 Pa·s) (3;10 93 m) (0.1m/s)
:4.711;10 93 N:4.711 mN

Q. 5. Characteristics of blackbody radiation spectrum :

(1) The emissive power R for every wavelength  increases with increasing temperature.
(2) Each curve has a characteristic form with a maximum for R at a certain
wavelength m.
2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 (3) m depends on the absolute temperature of the body and, with increasing RAVI – III
D0685PHY

temperature, shifts towards shorter wavelengths, i.e., towards the ultraviolet end of
the spectrum.
(4) mT : a constant.
(5) The area under each curve gives the total radiant power per unit area of a blackbody
at that temperature and is proportional to T, (Stefan-Boltzmann law).

Q. 6. Data : Vi :1 litre:1;10 93 m, Pi :1.013;10 N/m, Vf :Vi /15

Vf 1

:
Vi 15
The work done by the gas on its surroundings,

W:nRT ln


Vf
Vi
:PiVi ln


Vf
Vi

:2.303 PiVi log


Vf
 Vi

:2.303 (1.013;10 N/m) (1;10 93 m) log


1
 15
:9233.3 log (15):9(233.3) (1.1761)

: 9274.4 J

Q. 7. Data : L :0.50 m, L :0.509 m, beat frequency:3 Hz

 
Since L  L , n  n
   

Beat frequency:n 9n :3 Hz
 
v v
n : and n :
 4L  4L
 

v 1
4 L

9
L
1


 :3

The speed of sound in air,
12L L 12(0.50)(0.509)
v:  :
L 9L 0.50990.50
 
6;0.509
: :339.3 m/s
0.009

Q. 8. Conditions for a steady and distinct (sharp) interference pattern :

(1) The two light sources must be coherent.
(2) The two light sources should be monochromatic.
(3) The two light sources should be of equal brightness.
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 RAVI – III
(4) The two light sources should be narrow. D0685PHY

(5) The interfering light waves should be in the same state of polarization.
(6) The two light sources should be closely space and the distance between the screen
and the sources should be large.

Q. 9. Data : d:3 mm:3;10 93 m, A:l:0.25 m, t:2 mm:2;10 93 m,

k:2.5, x:0.3 m, :8.85;10 912 F/m

Q A
C: : 


V t
d9t;
k
912
(8.85;10 ) (0.25)
C:


2 93
392; ;10
2.5
8.85 99 99
: ;10 :1.229;10 F:1.229 nF
4;1.8

Q. 10. A moving-coil galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by reducing its effective

resistance by connecting a low resistance S across the coil. Such a parallel low
resistance is called a shunt since it shunts a part of the current around the coil. That
makes it possible to increase the range of currents over which the meter is useful.

An ammeter is a modified galvanometer

Let I be the maximum current to be measured and Ig the current for which the
galvanometer of resistance G shows a full-scale deflection. Then, the shunt resistance S
should be such that the remaining current I9Ig :Is is shunted through it.
In the parallel combination,
the potential difference across the galvanometer :the potential difference across
the shunt

Ig G:Is S
: (I9Ig ) S


Ig

S: G … (1)
I9Ig
4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
This is the required resistance of the shunt. The scale of the galvanometer is then D0685PHY
calibrated so as to read the current in ampere or its submultiples (mA, A) directly.

Q. 11. Ampere’s circuital law : In free space, the line integral of magnetic induction around
a closed path in a magnetic field is equal to  times the net steady current enclosed by

the path.

In mathematical form,
; ;
9 B . dl : I … (1)

; ;
where B is the magnetic induction at any point on the path in vacuum, dl is the length
element of the path, I is the net steady current enclosed and  is the permeability of

free space.

Explanation : Figure shows two wires carrying currents I and I in vacuum.

 
;
The magnetic induction B at any point is the net effect of these currents.

To find the magnitude B of the magnetic induction :

(i) We construct an imaginary closed curve around the conductors, called an

Amperian loop, and imagine it divided into small elements of length dl. The
;
direction of dl is the direction along which the loop is traced.

Ampere’s law

(ii) We assign signs to the currents using the right hand rule : If the fingers of the
right hand are curled in the direction in which the loop is traced, then a current
in the direction of the outstretched thumb is taken to be positive while a
current in the opposite direction is taken to be negative.
; ;
For each length element of the Amperian loop, B . dl gives the product
; ;
of the length dl of the element and the component of B parallel to dl . If  is
; ;
the angle between dl and B ,
;. ;
B dl :(B cos ) dl
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 RAVI – III
Then, the line integral, D0685PHY

; ;
9 B . dl :9 B cos dl … (2)

For the case shown in the figure, the net current I through the surface
bounded by the loop is
I:I 9I
 

9 B cos  dl: I

: (I 9I ) … (3)
  
Equation (3) can be solved only when B is uniform and hence can be
taken out of the integral.

Q. 12. For two inductively coupled coils, the fraction of the magnetic flux produced by the
current in one coil (primary) that is linked with the other coil (secondary) is called the
coefficient of magnetic coupling between the two coils.
The coupling coefficient K shows how good the coupling between the two coils is;
0  K  1. In the ideal case when all the flux of the primary passes through the
secondary, K:1. For coils which are not coupled, K:0. Two coils are tightly coupled
if K  0.5 and loosely coupled if K  0.5.
The coefficient of magnetic coupling between two coils depends on
(1) the permeability of the core on which the coils are wound
(2) the distance between the coils
(3) the angle between the coil axes.

Q. 13. Characteristics of a parallel LC AC resonance circuit :

(1) Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance.
1
Resonant frequency, fr : .
2(LC
(2) Impedance is maximum.
(3) Current is minimum.
(4) The circuit rejects fr , but allows the current to flow for other frequencies. Hence, it
is called a rejector circuit.

Q. 14. Data : T1/2 :28 years:28;3.156;10 s:8.837;10 s, M:5 mg:5;10\ g

90 grams of  Sr contain 6.02;10 atoms

(6.02;10)(5;10\)
Hence, here, N: :3.344;10 atoms
90
6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
0.693 (3.344;10)(0.693)

The disintegration rate:N:N : D0685PHY

T1/2 8.837;10

:2.622;10 disintegrations per second

SECTION – C
Q. 15. A liquid surface, in general, is curved where it meets a solid. The angle between the
solid surface and the tangent to the liquid surface at the extreme edge of the liquid, as
measured through the liquid, is called the angle of contact.

Shape of a drop of (a) a wetting liquid (b) a non-wetting liquid

Figure shows the interfacial tensions that act in equilibrium at the common point
of the liquid, solid and gas (air;vapour).
T :the liquid-solid interfacial tension

T :the solid-gas interfacial tension

T :the liquid-gas interfacial tension

:the angle of contact for the liquid-solid pair is the angle between T and T
 
The equilibrium force equation (along the solid surface) is
T cos ;T 9T :0
  
T 9T

cos :   … (1)
T

Case (1) : If T  T , cos  is positive and contact angle   90°, so that the liquid
 
wets the surface.
Case (2) : If T  T , cos  is negative and  is obtuse, so that the liquid is
 
non-wetting.
Case (3) : If T 9T <T , cos :1 and <0°.
  
Case (4) : If T 9T  T , cos  will be greater than 1 which is impossible, so that
  
there will be no equilibrium and the liquid will spread over the solid surface.
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 RAVI – III
Q. 16. Consider a cylinder of volume V containing n moles of an ideal gas at pressure P, fitted D0685PHY
with a piston of area A. Suppose, the gas is heated at constant pressure which raises its
temperature by dT. The gas exerts a total force F:PA on the piston which moves
outward a small distance dx.

Expansion of a gas at constant pressure

The work done by the force in moving the piston is

dW:Fdx:PAdx:PdV … (1)
where Adx:dV is the increase in volume of the gas during the expansion. dW is the
work done by the gas on the surroundings as a result of the expansion. If the heat
supplied to the gas is dQP and the increase in its internal energy is dE then, by the first
law of thermodynamics,
dQP:dE;dW:dE;PdV
If CP is the molar specific heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure, dQP:nCP dT.

nCP dT:dE;PdV … (2)
On the other hand, if the gas was heated at constant volume (instead of at constant
pressure) from the initial state such that its temperature increases by the same amount
dT, then dW:0. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on the
temperature, the increase in internal energy would again be dE. If dQV was the heat
supplied to the gas in this case, by the first law of thermodynamics and the definition of
molar specific heat capacity at constant volume (CV),
dQV:dE:nCV dT … (3)
From Eqs. (2) and (3),
nCP dT:nCV dT;PdV
P dV

CP 9CV : … (4)
n dT
The equation of state of an ideal gas is PV:nRT. Therefore, at a constant pressure,
PdV:nRdT
dV nR

: … (5)
dT P
8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
From Eqs. (4) and (5), D0685PHY

P nR
CP 9CV : · :R … (6)
n P
This is Mayer’s relation between CP and CV.
Here, heat and work are expressed in the same units. If heat is expressed in calorie
or kilocalorie and work is expressed in erg or joule, the above relation becomes
R
CP 9CV : … (7)
J
where J is the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Q. 17. Data : VBB:2 V, VCC :10 V, RB:100 k, RL:1 k, dc :200
Since it is a silicon transistor, the emitter-base barrier potential, VBE :0.7 V.
The voltage across the base resistor is
VBB 9VBE :290.7:1.3 V
Therefore, the base current,
VBB 9VBE 1.3
IB : : :1.3;10\:13 A
RB 10
The collector current,
IC :IB :200;1.3;10\:2.6;10\3 A:2.6 mA

Q. 18. Suppose a system consists of a glass tumbler filled with water at temperature TS. Let TE
be the temperature of the environment such as the surrounding air in the room. There is
a continuous exchange of energy between the system and the environment.

If TS  TE, there is a net transfer of internal energy from the system to the
environment [Fig. (a)] till thermal equilibrium is reached, i.e., TS and TE became equal.
The change in the temperature of the environment is usually negligible compared with
the change in the temperature of the system. The internal energy in transit, called the
heat, Q is negative.

Fig (a) : Energy flow from the system to the

environment as TS  TE

For TS  TE, there is a net transfer of internal energy from the environment to the
system till TS and TE become equal. [Fig. (b)]. The heat (Q), in this case, is positive.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9
 RAVI – III
D0685PHY

Fig (b) : Energy flow from the environment

to the system as TS  TE

For TS : TE, there is energy exchange between the system and the environment, but
no net transfer of energy. [Fig. (c)]

Fig (c) : No net energy transfer as TS : TE

Thus, the net transfer of energy takes place only when there is temperature difference.

Q. 19. Consider a string of linear density m stretched between two rigid supports a distance L
apart. Let T be the tension in the string.

Stationary waves set up on the string are subjected to two boundary condi-
tions : the displacement y:0 at x:0 and at x:L at all times. That is, there must be a
node at each fixed end. These conditions limit the possible modes of vibration to only a
discrete set of frequencies such that there are an integral number of loops p between the
two fixed ends.

Since the length of one loop (the distance between consecutive nodes) corresponds
to half a wavelength (),

L 
:
p 2

2L

: … (1)
p

The speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string is

v:n:(T/m … (2)

Therefore, from Eqs. (1) and (2), the allowed frequencies are given by

p T
n: , where p:1, 2, 3, ... … (3)
2L m

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 RAVI – III
D0685PHY

Modes of vibration of a stretched string

In the simplest mode of vibration, only one loop (p:1) is formed [Fig. (a)]. The
corresponding lowest allowed frequency, n, given by

1 T
n: … (4)
2L m

is called the fundamental frequency or the first harmonic. The possible modes of
vibration with frequencies higher than the fundamental are called the overtones.

In the first overtone, two loops are formed (p:2) [Fig. (b)]. Its frequency,

2 T
n : : 2n … (5)
 2L m

is twice the fundamental and is, therefore, the second harmonic.

In the second overtone, three loops are formed (p:3) [Fig. (c)]. Its frequency,

3 T
n : : 3n … (6)
 2L m

is the third harmonic.

Q. 20. Data :  (potassium):2.25 eV,

 (caesium):2.14 eV,  :5650 At :5.650;10\ m,

 :5180 At :5.180;10\ m, h:6.63;10\ J·s, c:3;10 m/s

 (potassium):2.25 eV
:2.25;1.6;10\ J:3.6;10\ J
 (caesium):2.14 eV:2.14;1.6;10\ J
:3.424;10\ J
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11
 RAVI – III
hc D0685PHY
Photon energy, E:

(i) For  :5650 At ,

hc 6.63;10\;3;10
E : : :3.52;10\ J
  5.650;10\

This is greater than  (caesium), but less than  (potassium). Hence, photo-
electric effect will occur in case of caesium, but not in case of potassium.
(ii) For  :5180 At ,

hc 6.63;10\;3;10
E : :
  5.180;10\

:3.84;10\ J
This is greater than  for potassium and for caesium. Hence, photoelectric effect
will occur in both the cases.

Q. 21. Consider a spherical conducting shell of radius r placed in a medium of permittivity .

The mechanical force per unit area on the charged conductor is
F 
f: :
dS 2
where  is the surface charge density on the conductor. Given the charge on the
spherical shell is Q, :Q/4r. The force acts outward, normal to the surface.
Suppose the force displaces a charged area element dS through a small distance dx,
then the work done by the force is



dW:Fdx: dS dx
2
During the displacement, the area element sweeps out a volume dV:dS.dx.
4
Since V: r, dV:4rdr
3


 1 Q 

dW: dV: (4rdr)
2 2 4r
Q 1
: dr
8 r
Therefore, the work done by the force in expanding the shell from radius r:b to r:a
is
a

Q 1
W: dW: dr
8 r
b

 

a
Q 1 Q 1 1
: 9 : 9
8 r b 8 b a
This gives the required expression for the work done.
12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 22. Data : B:1.6 T, H:1000 A/m,  :4;10 97 T· m/A
RAVI – III

 D0685PHY

(i) B:H: r H


The relative permeability of the material,
B 1.6
r : :
 H (4;3.142;10 97) (10)

4000
: :1.273;10
3.142

(ii) r :1;m

The magnetic susceptibility of the material,
m :r 91
:127391:1272:1.272;10

Q. 23. Consider a rectangular loop ABCD of length l, breadth b and carrying a current I,
;
placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B with its rotation axis perpendicular
;
to B , Fig. (a). To define the orientation of the loop in the magnetic field, we use a
normal vector nı that is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The direction of nı is
given by a right hand rule : If the fingers of right hand are curled in the direction of
current in the loop, the outstretched thumb is the direction of nı . Suppose the normal
;
vector nı of the loop makes an arbitrary angle with B , as shown in Fig. (b).

(a) A rectangular loop ABCD in a uniform

magnetic field (b) A side view of the loop, from side AD

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 RAVI – III
In the side view, Fig. (b), the sides CD, DA, AB and BC have been labelled as 1, 2, 3 D0685PHY
and 4, respectively. In this view, the current in side 1 (CD) is out of the page as shown
by a while that in side 3 (AB) is into the page shown by a .
;
For side 2 (AD) and side 4 (BC), the length of the conductor L :b and the angle
; ;
between L and B is (90° – ). Hence, the forces on sides 2 and 4 are equal in
magnitude :

F :F :IbB sin(90° – ):IbBcos

 
; ;
However, F is directed out of the page while F is into, and because their common line
 
of action is through the centre of the loop, their net torque is zero. For side 1 (CD) and
; ; ; ; ;
side 3 (AB),  L :l and L is perpendicular to B . Hence, the forces F and F have the
 
same magnitude : F :F :IlB
 
But their lines of action being different, they constitute a couple.

Moment arm of the couple:b sin 

Torque exerted by the couple:force of the couple;moment arm of couple

:(IlB)(b sin )

in the clockwise sense in Fig. (b). The torque tends to rotate the loop so as to align its
normal vector nı with the direction of the magnetic field.

:I(lb)B sin :IAB sin 

where A:lb is the area of the loop. For a rectangular coil of N turns in place of a
single-turn loop,

:NIAB sin 

This is the required expression for the net torque.

;
The torque has maximum magnitude for :90°, that is when nı is perpendicular to B
or, in other words, the plane of the coil is parallel to the field.
max :NIAB

Q. 24. The figure below shows an AC source, generating a voltage e:e sin t, connected to

a key K and a pure inductor of inductance L to form a closed circuit.

An AC source connected to an inductor

14 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 RAVI – III
On closing the key K, an emf is induced in the inductor as the magnetic flux linked with D0685PHY
it changes with time. This emf opposes the applied emf and according to the laws of
electromagnetic induction by Faraday and Lenz, we have,
di
e: 9L … (1)
dt
where e is the induced emf and i is the current through the inductor. To maintain the
current, e and e must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, as the resistance of the inductor is assumed to be
di
zero, we have, e: 9e:L … (2)
dt
di e e sin t

: : 
dt L L

 di:
e sin t

L
dt

e

i: 9  cos t;C
L
where C is the constant of integration. C must be time independent and have the
dimension of current. As e oscillates about zero, i also oscillates about zero and hence
there cannot be any time independent component of current.

C:0
e e

i:9  cos t: 9  sin
L L

2
9t


e

i:  sin t9
L

2
 … (3)

as sin (9): 9sin 

e
From Eq. (3), i peak :i : 
 L

i:i sin t9


2
 … (4)

Comparison of this equation with e:e sin t shows that e leads i by /2 rad, i.e., the

voltage is ahead of current by /2 rad in phase.

Q. 25. Data : Msph :25 g, Rsph :10 cm, Mrod :60 g, Lrod :20 cm
The MI of a solid sphere about its diameter is
2
Isph, CM : Msph Rsph
5
The distance of the rotation axis (transverse symmetry axis of the dumbbell) from the
centre of the sphere, h:20 cm.
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 RAVI – III
The MI of a solid sphere about the rotation axis, D0685PHY

Isph : Isph, CM ; Msph h

For the rod, the rotation axis is its transverse symmetry axis through CM.
The MI of a rod about this axis,
1
Irod : M L
12 rod rod
Since there are two solid spheres, the MI of the dumbbell about the rotation axis is
I:2Isph ;Irod


2 1
:2Msph Rsph ;h ; M rod Lrod
5 12

 
2 1
:2(25) (10);(20) ; (60)(20)
5 12
:50 (40;400);5(400):22000;2000
:24000 g·cm

Q. 26. Data : D:1.2 m

The distance between the central bright band and the 20th bright band is 0.44 cm.

y :0.44 cm:0.44;10\ m

y 0.44
W:  : ;10\ m:2.2;10\ m,
20 20
d :0.9 cm:0.9;10\ m, v :90 cm:0.9 m
 

u :D9v :1.2 m90.9 m:0.3 m
 
d v
Now,  : 
d u

d u (0.9;10\)(0.3)

d:   : m
v 0.9

93
:3;10 m

The wavelength of light,
94 93
Wd 2.2;10 ;3;10
: : m
D 1.2
97
:5.5;10 m:5500 At :550 nm
SECTION – D
Q. 27. (a) Consider a particle performing circular motion in an anticlockwise sense, along a
circle of radius r. In a very small time interval t, the particle moves from point A
to point B through a distance s and its angular position changes by .
arc AB s
: :
radius r
16 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 ; ; RAVI – III
As t ; 0, B will be very close to A and displacement AB :s will be a straight D0685PHY
; ;
line perpendicular to radius vector OA :r .

By the right hand rule of cross product,

; ; ;
s : ; r
; ;
s  ;

lim
t ; 0 t

: lim

t ; 0 t
;r
; ;
ds d ;

: ;r … (1)
dt dt

; ; ;
s : ;r
;
The linear velocity v of the particle is the time rate of displacement and its angular
;
velocity  is the time rate of angular displacement.
; ;
; ds ; d

v : and  :
dt dt

Therefore, from Eq. (1),

; ; ;
v : ;r
; ;
Since ds is tangential, the instantaneous linear velocity v of a particle performing
circular motion is along the tangent to the path, in the sense of motion of the
particle.
; ; ;
v ,  and r are mutually perpendicular, so that in magnitude, v:r.

Q
(b) Data : :20 W, T:273;727:1000 K
t
:5.7;10 98 Js 91 m 92 K 94
Q
:AT
t

The area of the hole,
Q/t 20
A: : m
T (5.7;10 98 )(10)
20;10 94
: :3.509;10 94 m
5.7
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 RAVI – III
Q. 28. Consider a particle of mass m performing linear SHM with amplitude A. The restoring D0685PHY
force acting on the particle is F:9kx, where k is the force constant and x is the
displacement of the particle from its mean position.
(1) Kinetic energy : At distance x from the mean position, the velocity is

v :  (A – x

where :(k/m. The kinetic energy (KE) of the particle is

1 1
KE : mv : m (A – x)
2 2
1
: k(A – x) … (1)
2
If the phase of the particle at an instant t is :t;, where  is initial phase, its
velocity at that instant is
v:A cos (t;)
and its KE at that instant is
1 1
KE: mv: mA cos(t;)
2 2
1
: kAcos(t;) … (2)
2
Therefore, the KE varies with time as cos.
(2) Potential energy : The potential energy of a particle in linear SHM is defined as
the work done by an external agent, against the restoring force, in taking the
particle from its mean position to a given point in the path, keeping the particle in
equilibrium.
Suppose the particle in the figure is displaced from P to P , through an
 
infinitesimal distance dx against the restoring force F as shown.

Potential energy of a particle in SHM

The corresponding work done by the external agent will be

dW : ( 9 F )dx : kx dx. This work done is stored in the form of potential energy.
The potential energy (PE) of the particle when its displacement from the mean
position is x can be found by integrating the above expression from 0 to x.
x
1

PE :  dW :  kx dx : kx … (3)
0 2

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 RAVI – III
The displacement of the particle at an instant t being D0685PHY

x:A sin (t;)

its PE at that instant is
1 1
PE: kx: kA sin(t;) … (4)
2 2
Therefore, the PE varies with time as sin.
(3) Total energy : The total energy of the particle is equal to the sum of its potential
energy and kinetic energy.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), total energy is
E : PE ; KE
1 1
: kx ; k (A – x)
2 2
1 1 1
: kx ; kA9 kx
2 2 2
1 1

E : kA: mA … (5)
2 2
As m is constant, and  and A are constants of the motion, the total energy of the
particle remains constant, i.e., it is conserved.

Q. 29. (a) Differences between interference and diffraction :

(1) The term interference is used to characterise the superposition of a few coherent
waves (say, two). But when the superposition at a point involves a large number of
waves coming from different parts of the same wavefront, the effect is referred to
as diffraction.
(2) Double-slit interference fringes are all of equal width. In single-slit diffraction
pattern, only the non-central maxima are of equal width which is half of that of the
central maximum.
(3) In double-slit interference, the bright and dark fringes are equally spaced. In
diffraction, only the non-central maxima lie approximately halfway between the
minima.
(4) In double-slit interference, bright fringes are of equal intensity. In diffraction,
successive non-central maxima decrease rapidly in intensity.
(b) Data : l :267 cm, l :267 cm967 cm:200 cm, R:8 
 
The internal resistance of the cell,

r:R


l 9l
 
l

:8 


67 cm
200 cm
:4;0.67 

:2.68 
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 19
 RAVI – III
Q. 30. According to Bohr’s third postulate for the model of the hydrogen atom, an atom D0685PHY

radiates energy only when an electron jumps from a higher energy state to a lower

energy state and the energy of the quantum of electromagnetic radiation emitted in this

process is equal to the energy difference between the two states of the electron. This

emission of radiation gives rise to a spectral line.

The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom, when it is in an orbit with the

principal quantum number n, is

me
En : 9
8 hn

where m:mass of electron, e:electronic charge, h:Planck’s constant and :per-

mittivity of free space.

Let Em be the energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom when it is in an orbit with

the principal quantum number m and En , its energy in an orbit with the principal

quantum number n, n  m. Then

me me
Em : – and En : –
8 hm 8 hn
 
Therefore, the energy radiated when the electron jumps from the higher energy

state to the lower energy state is

Em 9 En :
9me
8 hm

9 9

me
8 hn


:
me

1
9
8 h n m

1

This energy is emitted in the form of a quantum of radiation (photon) with energy

h, where  is the frequency of the radiation.

Em 9 En : h


Em 9En me 1 1

: : 9
h 8 h n m

c
The wavelength of the radiation is : , where c is the speed of radiation in free


space.
20 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 RAVI – III
– 1 
The wave number,  : : . D0685PHY

 c

– 1

: :
me 1
 8 hc n m

9

1
:R


1
9
n m
1

where R :

me
8 hc


is a constant, called the Rydberg constant.

This expression gives the wave number of the radiation emitted and hence that of
a line in hydrogen spectrum.

For the Lyman series, n:1, m:2, 3, 4, … -.

1
L
:R
1

9
1
1 m  1
and for the shortest wavelength line in this series, :R
Ls
1
1

as m:-.

For the Balmer series, n:2, m:3, 4, 5, … -.

1
B
:R
1
9


4 m
1
 and for the shortest wavelength line in this series,
1
Bs

:R
1
4
as m:-.

Q. 31. (a) Consider an inductor of self inductance L connected in a circuit. When the circuit is
closed, the current in the circuit increases and so does the magnetic flux linked with
the coil. At any instant, the magnitude of the induced emf is
di
e:L
dt
The power consumed in the inductor is
di
P:ei:L ·i
dt
[Alternatively, the work done in moving a charge dq against this emf e is

dW:edq:L
di
dt
· dq : Li·di

B
dq
dt
:i

This work done is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor, dW:dU.]
The total energy stored in the magnetic field when the current increases from 0 to I
in a time interval from 0 to t can be determined by integrating this expression :
t I I
1
Um :  Pdt :  Li di:L  i di: LI
2
  
which is the required expression for the stored magnetic energy.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 21
 (b) Data : L:20 mH:20;10 93 H, I:5 mA:5;10 93 A, N:200
RAVI – III
D0685PHY

The magnetic flux through the cross section of the coil

:LI:(20;10 93 H) (5;10 93 A)
:100;10 96 Wb:1;10 94 Wb
The flux per turn
LI 1;10 94 Wb
: : :0.5;10 96 Wb
N 200
:5;10 97 Wb per turn

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 RAVI – III
D0685PHY

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 23