I.

p 2
If P .
then Q

P is sufficient for Q

÷÷::
A

Q
Q

.
.

whenever

when
if

P
p

1. 3 .

Quantified statements .

✗ is odd .

•
A sentence that contains variables is called an oped

and becomes
sentence or
predicate . it a
proposition only
values
when its variables are
assigned specific .

pcx >
universeofdisoure the set of objects that are available .

for consideration .
IR .
¢ .
I ☒ IN

set of variables such that pas ist

truthset_ :
the ✗ .

Example .

Pix)
'
:
✗ < 5

Case 1 :

is IN truth set = { 1,25

universe : .

Case 2:

universe
is 2¥ : truth set =
{ 0 , -1-1 ,
I 25 .

Case 3 :

set = C -
R fz )
universe is IR : truth .
.

;:'z

universe is ① .
this is not a well-defined statement .
 Definitions :

With a nuniverse
specified . two
open sentences
pm and
Rex ) are
equivalent if they have the same truth set .

"
"
✗= 6
Example
"
to
"

. 3×+2=20 is
equivalent
if the universe is IR , Q ,
Q .
21 . 1N .

I
Example 2 :
positive integers
1N
equivalent
"

Ñ=4 and in
"
" "

✗= 2 are

112
they're not
equivalent in 21 or

The symbol 7- is called the existentialquaatif.ie# .

For sentence Pix) the sentence ( Ix ) Pix,

an
open ,

"

read There such that pin

"

is exists ✗ .

(I ✗ 1 Pix ) is true if the truth set of pin in nonempty .

Let the universe be 112

Example
.

( ✗ 737
T
( IX )

T
(
'
IX ) (✗ = O )

f-
'

A ✗ =
-1 )
( 7- ✗ ) ( ✗ =3

( ✗ 23 ✓ ✗
'
= -1 ) T
( IX )
 universalqua-ntifoer.fr
-
-
The symbol tf is called the

sentence the sentence N- ✗ ) Pix)

an open pcx , ,

"

is read For ✗ Pix)

"
The sentence Ctx )pi✗)
every
.

is true if the truth set of Pix , is the entire universe .

Let be IN
Example :
the universe

It ✗ ) ( ✗-12 > 1) T

Z
If the universe is

:::÷:÷.¥÷
4- × > ( Pix) Lexx )
Qlx ) )
( IX ) (
Pix ) a

Example
"
:

For
every od-dpn-mexless-tanox-isp-n.me !
Pix ) ✗ is odd ✗44 is
prime
six

Arx) ✗ is prime
✗ < 10
Rex,
 ( ✗ Qcx) Rex) six ) )
Pix
a
flt ✗ ) )

less than to
( ttx ) ( ✗ is odd a ✗ is
prime
a ✗ is

✗ 44
is
prime )

theorem .
If Ann is an
open sentence w/ variable ✗ .

then :

ca ,
n Ctx ) Aix ) is
equivalent to ( IX) nAc✗,

Aix) Ctx ) uAc×)

(b) u ( IX ) is
equivalent to

Exampte ,
For the universe of all real numbers ( IR ).

denial has
find real number
"

a
of Every positive a

x-m-M-ip.EE "

( Ig ) ( ✗ y =
1)

IF ✗ ) { × > o [ lay )c✗y= 1) I J .

Its denial is :

[ Cay > cxy= , , 1)

u lv- ✗ ) { ×> 0 .
 ( 7- ✗ ) in
{ ✗ > o [ Cay > ay
-

-
1) I } .

Thm ' -2-1

( 7- ✗ , { ✗ >0 A n [ Cay > c✗y= , , ] g.

( Ix ) { ✗> ☒ a city > In c✗y=l >

1) .

( ✗y -1-11 I
( Ix ) [✗ > on
Clty ) .

i. e. ,

that it has no
such
"

There exists a real positive ✗ .

'

multiplicative
1
inverse

7- ! called the Uniqueexistential

Definition .
The symbol is

For sentence
P' ×) .
the sentence .

an
open
'

"

read There such that

( I ! ✗) Pix , is : is a
unique ✗

"

CI ! pcx
is tnae if the truth set of ping
Pix ) x) ,
.

has Cement .
theorem .
If Axl is an
open sentence .

with

variable ✗ .
then

Ca ) (7- ! X) Aix, ( IX ) Aix ,

cb ) ( 7- ! ×) Aix ) is equivalent to

tZ1[Acy) Acz ,
y=z]
( ✗
( Ix) Aix ) A C-y )