SERIES

Definition A series is an infinite sum .

Example 1- t
12 t
Iz t ooo
is a series .

+x
1
We can write this in short as •

N
M= I

and
Convergent Divergent series

is real
If the sum a number then we
say
that

the is
series
convergent .

+ x 2 7 Matlab ,
Mathematica . . .

1 IT

Example
-

-
so
m2 f I
n=1

+x
1
the is
series
m2 convergent .

m=1

If the sun is not a real number then we

that the series is divergent

say
.

+ o
, Matlab Mathematica
,
1
Example n
= t D
,
so

n=1
to
1
the series
n
is
divergent .

n -_ 1
Some basic properties of series
nth partial sum

to
-
Given a series E am
let Sw = a ta tooo tan .

, , ,
n=1
+x

him s K EIR then K and

If W
= a
m
=

n→ to n=1
+x

the is
series aw convergent .

n=l

him is real number the

If Sw not a then

n→ to
+x
series
n=l
an is
divergent .

If an and bn are
convergent series then

Can tbw) =
aw t bn ,

k
aw
k where k is
=
aw ,
a

constant .

to
w 1
x
if I < KL 1
-
= .

n=0
1 -

so

+x
1
is if and '

N
& convergent only if a > 1 .

n = I

→ to

is
If the series aw convergent then an 20 .

→ to
Explanation is Sw > KEIR
an convergent .

So an = Su -

Su > K -
K = O
a
.
-

n→tx
 Example Determine whether the series

+x

n -11
is
convergent or not .

n=z n + z

htt n → to
Answer an = > I =L O .

n -12

So the series cannot

converge .

The series is
divergent .

n → to

Remark However
,
if an → 0 then we cannot claim

is this
that the series
an convergent .
In

the series not

case
,
may
or
may converge .

1
Example
m
is
divergent ( an =
In > o
) ,

m2
is
convergent ( an -_
In,
> O
) .

If lawl is is
convergent
convergent then aw .

+x
"
I is
Example Determine whether or not f1 )
2
I n
n=

convergent .

I
Answer lawl = is
convergent ,
so

m2

an = ← 15h 1
is also convergent .

m2
 Remark However is
,
it
may happen that an convergent
but is
law not
convergent .

For
example :

C- IT
1
is 7
N
convergent .

1
is
however
Mr divergent .

Cauchy test and Ratio test

Cauchy test and Ratio test provide effective ways to

check is
whether a series
convergent divergent
or .

Mr

him
Cauchy test Let a =

n→to
taut .

then is
If a s I the series
aw convergent .

is
If h > 1 then the series an
divergent .

If d = 1 we have no conclusion .

An -11
Ratio test Let a = him .

an
n→ to

then is
If a s I the series
aw convergent .

is
If h > 1 then the series an
divergent .

If 4 = 1 we have no conclusion .
Example Determine whether or not the series

to NZ
E. ice -

E)
n= 1

is
convergent .

Answer me
'
5251<1
"→

tu )
"

lanl = 2 ( t -

is
According to
Cauchy test
,
the series
convergent .

"
b
ea
nliyy ( Tn ab )
-

Recall that = .

Example Find the

biggest x E Z such that

+ a
n
w

{ -12020
( K -
2021 )

n = O
C -
gym

is
convergent .

N m

Answer Let an = ( x -
2021 ) . Then
n + zozo
C- g )

n -11 1
Antz
= I x -
20211
an n g

n→ to
Ix - 20211
.

>

g
 By the Ratio test :

Ik 20211
is
-

> 1 then the

Ig series
g
divergent .

1K -
20211
If = 1 then the ratio test
g
conclusion
gives no .

However in this case we know that

I = 2030 OT K = 2012 .

In both cases
,
we can check that

X > 0
an .

is
Therefore the series
divergent when

I = 2030 OT K = 2012 .

IX 20211
(
-

If < 1 or
equivalently
g

x E ( 2012,2030 ) )

is ratio
then the series
convergent by the

test .

Conclusion is
: x = 2029 the
biggest integer number

satisfying the
question .