1 .

Sequence 數列
Can
a ar be viewed asafunctionmaps
Rf
1
( ) =

f :
(N → Sometimes the domain
fli
1

) =
i

can Nbe
a subset of

Lim Sequenceof
0 .
q =
1
t
limit of a
sequence
a = 0 9 =

点n in
. .

a 2 = 0 . q9 an = 9
点
a 3 = 0. 9q9
n

: = 1

1- . (
0

alr .
=
atartarritarn -
( r + )

Definition
A sequence ( an 3 貿 , We
say the limir of

{ anl . ,
is equal to
LifforanyE 70 ,
ANE 3 +
、

lan -

UKEoranynNE limnsa Un +
=

Recall
limatix ) M → VE 70 , 雪 M 70 ,
s .
t . f ( x
1

- LKEEX )
Properties Suppose
,
Mbnnd
limns = limi 七 ∞
=

17 llmns ( am + bn ) = L + M < am
然挑⼤的汽亡
+ bm ) -

( L+ M ) |≤ 1 Am -

- I +| bm
-

2 ) limn→∞ ( an .
bn ) = (

lim
” n →∞
( an / bn ) = ym provideMt 0

4) If an = f ( andn
)
lim
-
sf ( x) = L ,

thenlimnesan = L
,
5 ) If f is wntinno onLius andlimn →∞
Gn = L ,

thenlisf ( an ) = f
(L)

( lcf = giscontinuousatlicg (
l
, f (x 1 ) = g
( L ) )

all
(4 )
limdm l 存在不代表 lim
f( 存在
input )
=
VM→ O x
→∞

xidivsnis ( limn ssin π

t

← 0
) letsin (
' nπ)
=
n π = o
-
( n ) =

8
lim
n
sinh
→∞
( lias =
"
use Squeeze
= ) 0 0 , tmn

6) Suppose an ≤ bn ≤ cn ,
and limn + s
an =
limn →∞
Cn = L

tnenlimsbn =
L ,

limsin 抗
olimansinh = 2
漠
m
=
→+
0
r

O limen ,
+
limn+∞ L =∞
n 1 ∞
-

⼏
⼀

omlyinteger , 其實不能微 但此處 夠可⼤ 可視為

nn ∞
,
→
 4" IF finpan =
, limx + a
f( x ) = o ( or -

∞
) ,
then

limsan =∞ ln
( or ∞ ) 夠 -
*
使得它必能接近 ±∞

Exampes

:)
lim 的 ∞
:
0 p > o

ii ⻔
lim 0 if 1 r 1 c 1

1
n
γ =

if
→ ∞ 1
n
I γ=
-
divergent otherwiser =
1 orir / >
1
-

∞
if r > 1

Definition
1
A sequence { an 3 n
-
" is called
increasing
( non decreas
ing
-

if cantyan decreasing
{
tn )

:
an ≤ ant ) non
increasing )
-

an > an + i )
iyan
2 Gn +

monotonic it
A

sequence is called if 's non

-

inreasing or
decreasing ,

單調性
,
 boundedabove
A sequence called
'

( below )
if 雪 M s . t . anEM tn

( an ≥ M tn )

A sequence is called bdd if it is

bounded above & below .

abovededis
5lanl boun

M
…

Monotonic Sequence Thm stillup →

:
If an is monotonio & bounded ,
then

lim an exis ts
n →∞
.

Example
)
limn 坑
+ a
= 0 , tE 70 , letN =Ʃ
→| 片 -

0 | KEVn > N =
是
n

a n = (1 th) gives an
limn
: :) 10 ≤ ani

∞ ( 1 tne
+
② an ≤
3
使⽤ monotonic ③
Bymono nicto sequene
Sequence tum limnsanexists
,

→
thm
iii ) let an =
Ean
' ai 5 ,
:

Does limnsanexistiWhat ' ylimn

+
+
sanp
assume llmit exists ,
get it ,

limn+ s
an + .
=
lima πan

L =
5+
L 2+ L
=→ ( =
2 ( or +

0 Claim :
Dantizan
G Jztann
"
( bymathematical
anJaan =

induction )

anc
② 2 最

σ rc 2
satistymonotonic →

sequence tnm

iv ) Consider
1 L = I -

1 t 1 -

1 + - .
d
1
…

=
1

a
= 1 -

( 1 1 + 1 - )
1 1
-

… …

2 = -

an = 1 -

1 + 1
⼆
1 L

L ⼆之 ? ⼼問題在假設 lim
:
an + . = ijnyd
ntl -
補
Definition
A sequence { an { , is called a
Caucny
sequence if V E 701 雪 NE . s t
. lan - amKE
foramyn , m > N
. ( 任兩項 )

Thm

A sequence { an 3 a ,
is
Convergent iff

{ ana , is a Cauchy
sequene .

0 , 0 1
s
是
.

? aradox
'
Eeno s 品
| ,

100 m .

tn
, ioio ∴ …,
0
=Ʃ 0 =
10
n =
l … …

100

of infinite nnmber dont

s graranteem
intinlty