§ 51 , Def: LetAolbl1R1

,
a nonzerc vecer V is an
eigenverlor
ofA if Ar = 才r for soMe scalar x , VF 0 , Prap.Ar =λ
(λ is an
eigonvalee of correspandingto A
r ) ③ (AλI ] V = c, rf 1

ex i 1 A :
Iero veitor λ is the oaly eigenvalue Vis any
, : 0 rlcter MoHrerc
☆ VE INLA λI) -

,
.

L1 A IM:
7 λ=| is the oaly igenvalue Vis
=
Manrercrector , any
《 NA -
λI # ) {} o
Creimnly (Ax) ≥ 1)
以 A =

di ) ,
= delAx
: =
c
,
↓λP 4 - = C 3 λ= 3 vM C rank [A λI) ≤ nM < H
-

{↑
Ep =span ]
, Ey = } ]
spand → detA( xI) - =
0 .

Def ,
Lot Aollnl 1R) ,
det :
Atlnl All
called charateristc polynomial of A

Prod AoMandR1→ coeffiiieat

Prcp ,

A 13 ave similar
eyPit
)=n andwithleakny
,
巡 d1 a ) .

,
(i . r . a invertible s
P . , = PAp 1
t B
write ArB)
(

\
Thms
bI
"

A has at most n Cread, eigenvalues ,

Alλ) = 0 ,
PA (t) B( )
= t
eqiivalence relation 等價關係,

( must has 1 n ccmplexeigonrlues ) .

pf PBlt ,
)
PAp
:det tI) =
detAPI PtIp) .
AmA CBYIn」 皈
Abypl
""

Let At) f f anet tfac ) PAlo =detA detP ( AtI/p +) B 对稱

"
oA
byP →
"
,

#r0 c 1 =
11 t .
- t a. ) =
~ B
~

a0 tc 3 Ainvertible ,
:
detP) ,det(fti) det (p) .

A BbyPand
-
B ~
CyQ ,
id1 A is invertible 7det |
A = detppy
- det (A til A ~ by PQ

l
t0
2
= ao
-
C
,

形
O is not an
igenvalue of A =
1 .
deat( -t) A = f (t) # ,

a1 Al a ,
λ -

eigenvdue of A ,
ie .

Ar =λ r ,
rtc

+
f V =
*v .
rt 0 ,

# 14
1 Aand At have
.

the same
churpoly
PAtlt =det(t) =
浙 det
detA ) =t) ( 1

A and Athavethe same

eigenvalue ,

出 .2 ,

如何將 A 对⾓化
Def AollaR)isDiagenalizable
imd / %
! v 法 AP
PD “ “ ⼀]
: :
. 成
:
=
秒
: ”

ifA is siiilarto diagond matixD

)
ie . .

invertible P st PIAP = D =
7 AP =
PP B Api
)= j
, pii
Hw
,
,

djieigeunrlueof A orlespindugtoeigenrectorp
」
必
.

j | #l
B
“( )
Bt
( 就] Prap
AElalx is diagonalikable
.

t
detBti llrt
() 州比
“鬣 eigenralues , meynotddstinct )iPlt 19.
1

" .. " vitv ) dimipa ri

)
- al A has n (
:
t

; = =

λ= 1 v2
“ * b
) {p" } linearindependent, 0 Pisinverilsle)
P
: (
d

Let P = 1 : 別 ⽇ basis for consisting of eigenvecters of(ib

R
A
, A Hasn lidgenrecfors )