Understanding MASERS LASERS as a three level

system

Classical waves and it's representation Phase

9 Space
light
We now have to define rules that explains the observations
Can a plane wave represent a quantum particle

wave function probability density

Hypothesis quantum particle
A is represented

by a wavefunction 4 x t

and a
probability density is constructed
2 amount
P x t 14A it ofprobability
per unit length x
I
Y at 49 E complex
fjigate number

This allows us to explain interference

YG t 4 Xt 42 x it

P x it I 4 x t 42 exit 12

Probability of finding a particle or observingfrom

x to x dx at time t Pait dx Wait Pdx
 particle has to be
The
there
So JPG H dx I NORMALIZATION
a CONDITION

Now lets talk about a

plane wave

At time t o

Y x IO Ceikx
P x o 146,0712 46,0 Xcx 0

Ike
I C12 tikx.e
Constant
value
Can this
satisfy the normalization
condition
Jp x.o
A
dx to unless c o

hence we need to constrain the particle

Instead if we consider xoxo acxjetik

P x o lake R

axl is non zero over a

finite region so we

can appropriately normalize

 Pex it a probability of finding a
particle
btw xd dx

the value
Then avg of x

x
IF x PCxitidx

But remember it must be normalized

x
In XPCx.tl dx

Part dx
Given a wave ft
Nexitidx
x
Fx
IF 14Gt dx
 w I Ck Dispersion relation
w clue

M Wr
How do wave packets more Do we know the

wave equation for such a quantumparticle

Given YG 10 can we find YG it

what is the classical wave

eg
I 21 41 24ft
Specific approach wave packet as linear superpositi
of basic plane waves solution to the scalar wave
equation
reminder fourier transform
et in
fax
I Fcu
dy
ftp.JGcwle
intdg

eintde
Flu
In fax e
in dx Glo
Iga
so what happens in 2D
 wt

f dy II dy
fait Caw eine

ith wt
FCK e
IJdxjjdtfex.tl Few
W

are
weight
I flee
linear superposition of
a plane wave
So what is the Ft of a plane wave

ickx
fat eicrox
wot w
0 kin
Ifdx e

two
Idt
W
n x
0
Feith
usw dx

0 UW 27728 ko k SCW Wo

impulse function

t 2206,4
I 2

Eta
g fix
Ifc h
dy
It Lik Few
etitedly
 f
in
Fck dy
sim ik
day e

WE 4
a w 429 e w

wz cut
w I Ck
Giver K w is known precisely

41 10 Yo x

4
IT esh step
dy
x a
identity I o

Ak You e
i
do Aca kriÉx
Step

we also know later in time i was oh

steps
exits
I e ein e
oh eye
integral
Git
4G it Jaca e
ik cut
P
dy
in x ee
Incase dy
et
YC x
Q What is the wave
equation for a
quantumparticle
idea
A good starting point will be de Broglie
of wave particle duality

we jut saw that dispersion relation is a

to to the wave
egy
way get
So we
firstget to a valid dispersion
want to
relation and then see if we can retrofit an eat
for a working dispersion eat
When do we start w le relation

E
t mus
assume free particle
no potential
th
E hw and p as per de Broglie
E to
Em hymn

W k AW
Im
 wt
Plane wave eilat
wt
etch iweia was

eickx wt
in ei ax wa

Hence the dispersion relation is consistent with

wt
i
Feit In eicax wt

associated wave
eg7

ELn7
tk
izlx.tt EmE

Free space Schrodinger eat tEm

it
II YG
t t
246 EE
This is the form for free space problem
 GAUSSIAN WAVE PACKET WITH NO TRANSLATION

2
x 10 25
qty
Y e

step
Joyce o éihdx
ACK

ACK ATE YY e
KELL

4242 eifex
JE
ATE Y wt
YG t
dy
k ta
Im

Hit
Guy
fly getting
What happens when t increases

What is Excel

x t 0

But we observe that the wave packet spreadsvitime

How can we measure the spread of the wave f

Dx x xD
x O

x2 Pdx
f 22 fly x t

Dx
It it
Ej
So we can re write
2
PG it exit

ICAN632
gypTo
Plait e

how is this related

to momentum

Dx Ak 742 Or Dx AP 7
Iz
localization of x I leads to spread in
momentum

Dust
Cft zIÉFxCo

Axle 2 t
ax o du
 axle Axt t
affggacogyst

How long does it take for the wave packet to

spread

axe 32 Taxco it
typa

to 2m

to 1 i x 1045
mine 7,1 see

Atom scale The probability density of an election

confined to the size an atom in

initially of
will double in size in about 10 see

Nanoscale The prob density initially

of an e

n'fired to 1008 will double in size 10 see

Macro scale
Macro scale Probability density associated

with center of man

of macroscopicobject
with mass
Ig
Center of mass located to within 8
and the corresponding time for doubling
of the size is on the order of 1017sec

300 million years