Longitudinal Waves

The displacement parallel to the direction of

propagation

Vincensius Gunawan, PhD

Sound waves in gases
Consider fixed mass gas with pressure Po
occupies volume Vo with density 0.

These values is disturbed by compression

and refraction of sound waves.

The pressure PoP=P0+p

The volume VoV=V0+v
The density 0=0+d
 Cont’d
Fractional change in volume : dilatation
v/Vo=
Fractional change in density : condensation
/o=s
Fixed mass then
 0V0  V   0V0 1   1  s 
giving 1   1  s   1  s  
The elastic prop of gas : Bulk modulus
dP
B  V
dV
Cont’d
Assuming the process is adiabatic where
the diffusion, viscosity and thermal
conductivity are absent.
Thermodynamic cycle is 100% efficiency
without any energy lost.
Using adiabatic bulk modulus: total
pressure P=Po+p is taken as a constant.
All adiabatic changes obey PV=constant
Differentiation gives
dP
V  P  Ba
dV
Cont’d
Since P=Po+p, then dP=p then
P
Ba   or p   Ba  Ba s
v / V0

Displacement and velocity along x axis,

next we use coordinate .
Cont’d
The increase of displacement in the
thickness Δx is

  x
x
v    
and     x / x   s
V0  x  x
Net force:
  Px  Px
Px  Px  x   Px   Px  x    x
  x  x
If the mass ox, then using Newton:
P  2
 x   0 x 2
x x
Cont’d
Using definition

p   Ba   Ba
x
 2  2
then Ba 2   0 2
x t

By defining velocity v2=P/0 Eq. of

sound waves2
 1  2
 2 2
x 2
v t
Cont’d
If wave propagate in x direction
i  t  kx 
  me
then 
   i
t

s  ik
x
p  Ba s  iBa k

 are /2 rad in phase ahead of the

displacement .
How if wave is in –x direction?
Energy distribution
Kinetic energy per unit cross section
1
Ekin   0 x 2
2

  averaged over of n wavelengths with

2

2
   m sin  vt  x 

so that
n
 m2  sin 2 2  vt  x  / dx
1 2
 2
average  0
  m
n 2
Cont’d
Average kinetic energy
1 1
Ekin   0 m   0 2 m2
2

4 4

The work done on the fixed mass gas

2
1
   PdV  
2 0
E pot pvd (t )

The condensation
  dv  v
s   
V0 V0
Cont’d
That can be written
s 
  sin  t  kx  and  v  V0 s
sm  m

Together with p=Bas gives

2
BaV0
E pot   d  t 
2
s
2 0

•Energy gained in
compression
equals in
rarelaction
Cont’d
If we assume
i  t  kx 
  me
hence
 1  
  where v
x v t k

then E  1 Ba  2 x  1   2 x
pot 2 0
2v 2

with the average over n gives

1
E pot   0 m2
2
Longitudinal waves in solid
Replace bulk modulus Ba with Young’s
modulus Y
The wave equation become
 2 1  2 Y
 2 2 with v 
2

x 2
v t 
In solid, longitudinal waves develop a
shear force such as lateral distortion
produces strain /y perpendicular to the
x direction.
Cont’d
The ratio of the strain
 
 
y x

Isknown as Poisson’s ratio which can be

expressed as Lame’s elastic constant
 Y
 where 
2     1   1  2 
These constant are always (+) and   1 / 3
so that modulus Young
Y     2  2 
Cont’d

•Transverse stress is defined as


Tx  
x
Cont’d
The equation of transverse motion of the
thin element dx is given by
Tx  dx  Tdx  dxy
where  is density, or
    2  2
   y  2 
x  x  x  t 2
The effect of transverse rigidity  is to
stiffen the solid.
Cont
In bulk solid the bulk modulus is given as
2
B 
3
Hence, the longitudinal wave velocity
 B   2 / 3  
1/ 2

vL   
  
While transverse velocity
1/ 2

vT   

Reflection & Transmission
Consider sound waves meets the
boundary of two medium
Cont’
Boundary cond.: continuity of the
a) Particle velocity 
b) The acoustic excess pressure p
Hence, the boundary condition gives
 i   r   t
pi  pr  pt
Since p   v  and p    v , then
i 1 1 i r 1 1 r

1v1 i  1v1 r   2 v2 t

Cont.
In terms of impedance, it becomes
Z1 i  Z1 r  Z 2 t
Together with the first bound cond, lead
 r  r  r Z1  Z 2
  
 i i i Z1  Z 2
 t t 2 Z1
 
 i i Z1  Z 2
Electromagnetic Waves
EM waves is resulted when an
electric charge changes its velocity
Introduction
The velocity of waves through medium is
determined by the inertia and the
elasticity of medium
The magnetic inertia is provided by the
inductive material  permeability .
The elasticity is provided by the
permittivity of material .
Hence, the electromagnetic wave consist
of magnetic field H and electric field E
Maxwell Equation (free q and J)
The four Eqs. are the heart of electro-
magnetism

   D   summarizes Coulomb’s law,
f
also known as Gauss law.
   E   B represents Faraday’s law of

t
 induction
   B  0reflect that magnetic monopole
does not

exist
 D

   H  E  consequences Ampere law
t
EM waves
Taking the curl of the second eq. of Maxwell
equations

 

 
  E    B
t
 
  E  E
  2
   E   E   
2
  2
t t
 
 E  E
2
  E  
2
  2  0
t t
How is the form in only B form? Proof it !