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Wei Jiang
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Nanjing University
1
Advanced Optics II
Course information
Weekly hours:4
credit:4
prerequisite:Optics,
Recommended text book:
B. E. A. Saleh & M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, Wiley-
Interscience,2nd edition (2007), ISBN 0471358320 (or
9780471358329) (primary text)
6 homeworks, 1 mid-term (or 1 term paper), 1 final exam
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Advanced Optics II
Outline
Waves
Wave equations
Read: Saleh & Teich, Chapter 2
Dispersion
Attenuated and Evanescent waves
Maxwell’s equations
Wave Optics
Monochromatic waves
Complex Representation
Plane waves
Spherical waves
Paraxial waves
Optical components
Interface: reflection, refraction,
Phase change in transmission
Lens
Interference
Multiple wave interference
Spatial & Temporal 4
Advanced Optics II
Wave Equation
Non-dispersive: Wave as a disturbance which can travel
with fixed velocity without changing form
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Advanced Optics II
Wave Equation
Differentiating with respect to x and t
u(x, t) = u(x − vt, 0) = u(-, 0) u du u du
, v
x d t d
u(x, t) = u(x + vt, 0) = u(+, 0) u du u du
, v
x d t d
Take second derivative
2u d 2u 2u d 2
u
, v 2
x 2
d
2
t 2
d 2
2u 1 2u Non-dispersive
2 2 0 Wave equation
x 2
v t
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Advanced Optics II
Solution
Particular solution: The harmonic wavefunction
u(x,t)=Aexp[i(t-kx)]
where
k=2/, =2
Substitute into the wave equation
2u 1 2u
2 2 0
x 2
v t
1 2
k u 2 u 0
2
v
v Phase velocity
k
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Advanced Optics II
Derivatives of the Solution
u(x,t)=Aexp[i(t-kx)]
Derivative of the above solution
u
(i ) Aexp[i (t kx)] iu ( x, t )
t
2u u
(i ) (i ) 2
u
t 2
t
nu
(i ) n
u i
t n
t
nu
( ik ) n
u ik
x n x
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Advanced Optics II
Dispersion relation
Relationship between and k
2=v2k2
v
k Slope = v
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Advanced Optics II
Quantum mechanics of Wave
de Broglie: wavelength inversely related to momentum
h
, p k
p
Planck: Energy relationship
E
Total energy: E=K+V=p2/2m +V
( k ) 2
V
2m
Dispersion relation in Quantum Mechanics
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Advanced Optics II
Schroedinger Wave Equation
Work from dispersion equation to find corresponding
wave equation
(k ) 2
V
2m
(k ) 2
V
2m
1
, k i
i t x
2 2
V
i t 2m x 2
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Advanced Optics II
Attenuated & Evanescent Wave
Example: Heat diffusion
T
q
x
T q
C
t x
T 2T 2T
D 2
t C x 2
x
Dispersion Equation
i=Dk2
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Advanced Optics II
Attenuated & Evanescent Waves
Wave equation for heat flow
T 2T 2T
D 2
t C x 2
x
Dispersion Equation
i=Dk2
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Advanced Optics II
Evanescent Waves
Boundary conditions: initial temperature distribution at t = 0
T ( x,0) T0 exp[ikx]
k= (/D)1/2 i1/2
k= (/D)1/2 exp(i/4)
k= +i= (/2D)1/2(1+i)
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Advanced Optics II
Attenuated Waves
Dispersion Equation: i=Dk2
k= (/2D)1/2(1+i)
T ( x, t ) T0 exp[i (t k0 x)] exp( k0 x)
B
E
t
D
H
t
D 0
H 0
B=H, D=E
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Advanced Optics II
EM Wave equation in
homogeneous media
Maxwell’s equation has 4 fields, not convenient. Want a single-field equation
E H
t
D
H (constant )
t t t
Vector identity E ( E) 2 E
In a homogeneous medium
0 D (E) E E 0
1 2
E Laplacian operator
E 2 2 0
2
v t 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
c c x y z
v
r r n 18
Advanced Optics II
Wave Optics
Postulates
Light propagates in the form of waves
Homogeneous medium is characterized by a single
constant, the index of refraction
v=c/n
Optical waves are described by a wavefunction u(r,t)
that satisfies the wave equation
1 2
u
u 2 2 0
2
c t
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Advanced Optics II
Principle of superposition
Wave equation is a linear equation
Principle of superposition applies
If u1(r,t) and u2(r,t) are both solutions of the
wave equation,
then u(r,t)= u1(r,t) + u2(r,t) is also a solution
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Advanced Optics II
Monochromatic Waves
Wavefunction with harmonic time dependence
Amplitude - a(r):
Phase - (r):
wavelength -
Frequency -
Radian frequency - =2
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Advanced Optics II
EM spectrum
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Advanced Optics II
Complex Representation
Wavefunction with harmonic time dependence
u(r, t) = a(r) cos[t + (r)]
Complex form: U(r, t) = a(r) exp[it + i(r)]
Complex notation is tidy
Take the real part to represent the actual physical quantity
u(r, t)=Re [U(r, t)]=(1/2)[U(r, t)+ U*(r, t)]
U(r, t) must also satisfy the wave equation
1 2
U
U 2 2 0
2
c t
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Advanced Optics II
Complex Representation
Separate function of position and time
1 2
U
U 2 2 0
2
c t
2U k 2U 0 HELMHOLTZ EQUATION
k=/c Wavenumber
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Advanced Optics II
Plane wave
U (r ) A exp(ik r )
k (k x , k y , k z )
U (r ) A exp[i (k x x k y y k z z )]
2U k 2U 0
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Advanced Optics II
Plane Waves
Wavefronts are the surfaces of constant phase
Phase[U(r)]=2n
Phase[U(r)]=Phase[A(r)]kr=2n
If A(r) has a fixed phase, then the wavefronts are parallel
planes separated by
=2/k
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Advanced Optics II
Plane Wave
Plane waves are periodic in space with period =2/k
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Advanced Optics II
Plane Waves in Media
Media characterized by refractive index which
determines speed of light in that media
v=c/n
1 2
U
Use this in wave equation U 2 2
0
v t 2
n 2
k x2 k y2 k z2 k 2 ( ) 2 2
c v
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Advanced Optics II
Spherical Waves
A
U (r ) exp(ikr ), r | r |
r
Wavefronts are spheres of constant phase (point source)
k r =2n
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Advanced Optics II
Fresnel Approximation
Wavefront at large z (far field)
A A x2 y2
U (r ) exp(ikr ) U (r ) exp(ikz ) exp(ik )
r z 2 z 30
Advanced Optics II
Paraboloidal Wave
Validity of paraboloidal wave
a2
NF Fresnel numbers
z
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Advanced Optics II
Paraxial Wave
A paraxial wave has wavefront normals which are
paraxial rays
Similarly
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Advanced Optics II
Paraxial Helmholtz Equation
Discard 34
Advanced Optics II
Paraxial Helmholtz Equation
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Advanced Optics II
Superposition
Substitute sum (Utotal=U1+U2) in Helmholtz equation
Satisfied if k=k1=k2
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Advanced Optics II
Boundary Condition
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Advanced Optics II
Refraction
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Advanced Optics II
Phase Changed in
Transmission
Assume transparent materials
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Advanced Optics II
Phase Changed in Transmission
Transparent plate of varying thickness
Media Air
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Advanced Optics II
Thin Lens
Plano-convex thin lens
x2 + y2
d (x, y) ≈ d0 −
2R
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Advanced Optics II
Thin Lens
Plano-convex thin lens
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Advanced Optics II 45
Thin Lens
Plano-convex thin lens
focus = plane wave spherical wave
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Advanced Optics II (paraxial spherical wave)
Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy
Intensity of an optical wave
Units of Watts/cm2
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tpulse=100 fs Optics II
Advanced
Power,Intensity,Fluence,Energy
Intensity = power/area
Intensity = 100 mW/1 mm2 =10 W/cm2
Energy in a given time interval
Energy/pulse
= 1.25 x 10-9 J = 1.25 nJ
Consider “duty cycle” of pulse train: pulses only 100 fsec and
there is 12.5 nsec between pulses, therefore the peak power
(intensity) is much greater than the average power (intensity)
F Idt
t1
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Advanced Optics II
Interference
Easily described in wave picture
Principle of superposition
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Advanced Optics II
Interference
• Easily described in wave picture
• Principle of superposition
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53 Advanced Optics II
Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves
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Advanced
54 Optics II
Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves
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Advanced Optics II
Interference
• Intensity of superposed waves
• Coherent light
• Phase is well defined
• Intensities do not add simply
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Advanced Optics II
Interference
Incoherent light
Random phase
Average over random phase
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Advanced Optics II
Interferometer
• Michelson interferometer
d /2
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Advanced Optics II
Interferometer
• Michelson interferometer
• Application
– determine distance in metrological application, strain or
surface profiling
– index sensing in medical, environmental applications
– navigation, gyroscope
– etc
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Advanced Optics II
Interference of Two Plane Waves
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Advanced Optics II
Interference of Two Plane Waves
At z=0 plane
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Advanced Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference
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Advanced Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference
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Advanced
64 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference
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Advanced
65 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference
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Advanced
66 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference
• M Waves
– Equal intensity
– Equal phase difference
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Advanced
67 Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
U U3
U1 2
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Advanced Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
U U3
U1 2
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Advanced Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
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Advanced Optics II
Multiple Beam Interference:
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Width of the
interference pattern
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Advanced Optics II