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Matter waves, uncertainty principle and certain limitation of classical mechanics generates the origin of
quantum mechanics.
Matter Waves:
Not only this matter is moving , wave associated with it is also propagating.
φ= A sin( kx−ωt )
Where,
A=Amplitude
2π
k =wave vector=
λ
λ=wavlength
w=angular frequencv y
t=tim e
v=frequenc y
w
velocity of wave=λ X v =
k
But single wave does not propagate wave propagates in the group. So we have to understand the group
velocity.
∆ ω dw ω
v group= ≈ (v particle= )
∆ k dk k
MATHMATICAL TREATMENT
Consider wave is propagating in positive x-axis.
E=K . E+ P . E
1
E= m v2 +V …………………………….1
2
Multiplying both sides by wave functionφ
^p2
^
E φ= φ+ V φ …………………………2
2m
∂
E =iℏ
But ^
∂t
∂
P=−iℏ
∂x
∴ e q n 2 becomes ,
∂φ 1 ∂ ∂
iℏ =
∂t 2m
−iℏ (
∂x
−iℏ
∂x )(
φ+V φ )
∂ φ −ℏ2 ∂2 φ
iℏ = +Vφ
∂ t 2 m ∂ x2
−ℏ2 ∂2 φ ∂φ
+ Vφ=iℏ ……………………(3)
2m ∂ x 2 ∂t
i.eψ=ψ (x , t )
Let ψ ( x , t ) =u ( x ) T ( t )−−−−−−−( 4)
−ℏ2 d2 u ( x ) dT ( t ) ∂y
T (t) +V ( x ) u ( x ) T ( t )=iℏ u ( x ) ( )
2m dx x
dt ∂x
2
−ℏ2 d u ( x ) dT ( t )
Or,
( 2m d x 2 )
+ V ( x ) u ( x ) T ( t )=i ℏu ( x )
dt
ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
+V ( x ) u ( x )
Or, 2 m d x 2 i ℏdT ( t ) = constant =E ---------------(5)
= /T (t)
u(x) dt
The constant is called total energy of the system
−ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, +V ( x ) u ( x )=E u(x )
2m d x 2
ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, −V ( x ) u ( x )=−E u(x )
2m d x 2
−ℏ2 d 2 u ( x )
Or, + [ E−V ( x ) ] u ( x )=0−−−6
2m d x 2
This is time independent Schrodinger equation
dT (t )
iℏ =ET ( t )−−−(7)
dt
This is time dependent Schrodinger equation.
Probability:
In Q.M. any state of particles is given by wave function φ , this is the first postulate
of Q.M. The probability or possibility of finding any particle is measured in terms of
probability density which is given as
2
ρ=φ¿ φ=|φ|
Where φ =¿ complex conjugate of φ
¿
Normalization of wave:
To find the necessary information about the particle only φ is insufficient, so we
have to find its probability density, however unnormalized wave doesnot give its
probability or possibility of finding particles.
So, Normalization of wavefunction is given by
∞
∫ φ¿ φ dx=1
−∞
Eg. Let φ= A sin x
Where, A= Normalizing factor
1
2 2
Or, | A| ∫ sin x dx =1
0
1
2 (1−cos 2 x )
Or, | A| ∫ dx=1
0 2
| A2| 1 | A|2 1
0r,
2
∫ dx− 2
∫ cos 2 x dx=1
0 −1
| A|2
Or, .1=1
2
| A|=√ 2
ψ= √ 2 sinx
This equation make sense