As magnetic field is perpendicular to the velocity .

Force due to magnetic field will

provide necessary centripetal force.

mv2
i. e. Bqv =
r
mv
⥤ r =
Bq

After covering half circle ion moves to the gap, at this moment polarity of dees just
reverses .Positive ion is attached by D1 .It gains energy and repeats itself.

Time taken to cover semi-circle

𝜋r 𝜋 mv 𝜋m
t= = . =
v v Bq Bq

at t is independent of velocity and radius

Cyclotron frequency:

If T is the total time to cover complete circle

2πm
T=
Bq
1 Bq
∴ 𝛾= =
T 2πm
2π Bq
angular frequency ω = =
T m
Energy of positive ion:

V is maximum when ion cover largest circular path

Bqrmax
vmax =
m
∴ Maximum KE gained
1 2 1 Bqr 2
Emax = mvmax = m( )
2 2 m
 B2 q2 r2
E=
2m
Limitation:

1. When particle accelerate, its mass also increase,

m°
m
2
√1 − v2
c
∴ t also increases, and particle lag behind the polarity and lose
its circular path.

2. Cyclotron is used to accelerate heavy particles. It is not suitable for

electrons.
Due to small mass, speed increases rapidly and e− get out of steps.

Force on current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field:

Consider a straight conductor of length l, placed in magnetic field B.

Let ⃗⃗⃗
IL current electric vector makes an angle 𝜃 with magnetic field.

Force on conductor is due to force on electrons. Lorentz force on an

electron moving with velocity vd is given by

⃗⃗ )
f = −e(v⃗⃗⃗d xB

if N is total number of electrons in a conductor then force on conductor

⃗F = N. f

= nal. [−e((v_d ) xB )

⃗⃗
= (−neav⃗⃗⃗d l)xB

⃗F = (IL
⃗⃗⃗ xB
⃗⃗ )

F = BILsin𝜃

Case-I: 𝜃 = 0 or 𝜃 = 180
 F=0

Thus conductor does not experience any force when placed

parallel to field.

Case-II: when 𝜃 = 90 , F = BIL (maximum)

Conductor will experience maximum force when perpendicular to

the magnetic field.

Force between two infinity long parallel current carrying conductor:

Consider two infinitely long conductors A1 B1 and A2 B2 placed

parallel at a distance r.

Let current I1 , I2 flows through them in same direction.

When current flows through A1 B1 magnetic field is produced.

A2 B2 is under effect of magnetic field of A1 B1 .

Magnetic field at P due to A1 B1 ,

μ° 2I1
B1 = . , B1 is vertically downward at P.
4π r
force on A2 B2 due to this field on unit length
F F 𝜇° 2I1 I2
= B1 . I2 . 1 = . , F is towards A1 B1 .
L L 4π r
Thus two parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction attract
each other.

* Two parallel conductors carrying currents in the opposite direction repel

each other.

Torque on a current loop placed in magnetic field:

Consider a rectangular coil ABCD suspended in magnetic field B.

Let I be the current through coil from A → B → C → D.

 Let F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 be the forces on arm DA, BC, AB, CD.

Now

F1 = BI. bsin(90 + θ)

F1 = BIbcosθ

F1 act in the plane of coil in upward direction.

F2 = BIbsin(90 − θ)

= BIbcosθ

F2 acts in the plane of coil in downward direction.

F1 and F2 act along same line have same magnitude and opposite
direction. So they cancel each other.

Now F3 = BILsin90 , it act vertically upward the plane of paper.

F4 = BILsin90 = BIL

F4 act vertically do