Electromagnetic Induction

☞ Magnetic Flux : Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing
through a unit area.

ϕ =∫ ⃗B⋅dA=B
⃗ A cos θ

☞ Concept of Induced EMF and Induced current :

First of all we’ll look at some experimental observation with which we can easily understand
the concept of induced EMF and induced current.

Observation. 1 : If we put a loop in a changing magnetic field, then a current flows in the
loop.

B↑
i

Observation. 2 : Now if the area of the magnetic field is changed, then again a current
flows.

i
Area↓

Observation. 3 : One more thing is observed that if we rotate the loop about the axis
passing through loop and parallel to it, then also a current flows.

We observed that the current changes it’s

direction after every half cycle.

After observing all these things we concluded that these quantities all together make
magnetic flux. It means that if we change the magnetic flux then a current flows through
that loop. Now we need to find the direction and magnitude of that current, which is
governed by Faraday’s Law.
☞ Faraday’s Law : According to this law if we change the magnetic flux passing
through a loop, then an induced emf is generated in the loop and because of that
an induced current starts flowing in the loop.

dϕ
ε =−
dt

☞ Lenz’s Law : This law basically tells us the direction of induced current. According
to this law, “ The induced current always opposes the cause which produces it .”
Simply we can say if the induced current is generated by the increasing magnetic
field, then the induced current will be produced in such direction that decreases the
magnetic field ( figure-2 ).

B↑

Example.1 : A circular loop of radius R and resistance r is placed in a time varying magnetic
field B=B o t n ( Inside the plane ) . Find the induced current in the loop.

Solution : Magnetic flux passing through the loop,

ϕ =B A=B o t n π R 2

dϕ
and the induced emf in loop, ε =− =−B o π R 2 n t n−1
dt

2 n−1
ε Bo π R n t
Now the induced current, i= =
r r

Example. 2 : Two coaxial rings of radius a and b in which a>>b . Current in the bigger ring
is i=io t 2 and the resistance of smaller ring is r . The separation between rings is x then find
the induced current in the smaller ring .
i

a
b
x

Solution : Magnetic field due to bigger ring on it’s axis,

 μ o i o t 2 a2
B= ---- (1)
2(a 2 +x 2 )3/2

Since a>>b , therefore we can assume that the smaller ring is almost on the axis of the
bigger ring. It means that magnetic field of equation (1) is almost over the complete small
ring.

Now the flux passing through the small ring ,

μ o io t 2 a2
ϕ =B A= 2 2 3/ 2
π b2 --- (2)
2(a + x )

2 2 2
d ϕ −2 μ o io t a − μ o io t a π b
Therefore induced emf, ε =− = π b2 =
d t 2 (a + x )
2 2 3/ 2
(a 2 + x2 )3/ 2

2 2
μ o io t a π b
Now the induced current is, i= ε =
r r (a2 + x 2 )3/2

Example. 3 : A half ring of radius R and resistance r is rotating with angular velocity ω. It
enters in a constant magnetic field B at time t=0 . After time t find the current flowing in
the loop.

Solution : Since the ring is rotating with angular velocity ω, therefore after time t some part
of ring will enter that covers an angle ωt .

ωt

Now the flux passing through the area that’s inside magnetic field,

2 2
Bπ R ω t BR ω t
ϕ =B A= =
2π 2

d ϕ −B R 2 ω B R2ω
Hence induced emf is, ε =− = and induced current i= ε =
dt 2 r 2r
☞ Motional EMF : When a conducting wire moves inside a magnetic field, the charges
inside the wire feel the magnetic force [q (⃗v × ⃗
B)] inside it. Due to this force positive and
negative charges separate to different ends of the wire that generates a potential difference
between the ends, that’s called Motional EMF.

+
v

Potential difference between between the ends,

ε = E⋅l --- (3)

At steady state, qvB=qE E=v B

therefore, ε =v B l

If we generalize this result , we get ε =(⃗v × ⃗B)⋅⃗l

Example. 4 : In an infinite wire current i is flowing and near it square loop of side a and
resistance r is moving towards right with velocity v. Find the motional emf and current due
to that , when loop is at a distance a from the wire.

Solution : If the loop is moving towards right, then sides BC and DA don’t have any emf
but sides AB and CD have different emfs .

μo i μo i
Magnetic fields at distances a and 2a will be and . B C
2π a 4π a
a
Hence net EMF in the loop, i

A a D
μ i μ i μ i
ε =v ( o ) a−v ( o )a=v ( o )
2π a 4π a 4π

v μo i
and current in the loop,
'
i= ( )
r 4π

☞ I introduced rail problems in the MAGNETISM . Similar king of problems can be

introduced here also. In these kind of problems a conducting rod can freely slide on the
frictionless conducting rails and we connect this rod to an external circuit. In setup is placed
in external magnetic field and we give an initial velocity to the rod because of that a
motional emf is generated in the rod and connecting it to an external circuit we are using it
as a battery and we get a current in the external circuit. So with the help of this setup we
are basically converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 r
R voBl
R vo

vo B l
i=
r+R

Example. 5 : In the above circuit find the velocity after time t.

Solution : Force acting on the rod,

v o B 2 l2 v o B 2 l2
F=i l B= a=
r+R m(r + R)

v (t ) t
d v vo B l
2 2
v o B2l 2
=
d t m(r + R)
or ∫ d v=∫ dt
vo 0 m(r+ R)

v o B 2l 2
−
therefore, v (t )=v o e m (r +R)

☞ Motional EMF for Rotating Rod : Suppose a rod of length l is rotating with angular
velocity ω about it’s one end in a magnetic field Bo .

ω
o P
dx
x

For this we took an element dx at a distance x.

Now the velocity of the element, v =ω x

Therefore motional emf in element dx, ∫ d ε =∫ ω x Bo dx

0
2
ω Bo l
or ε=
2

If instead of rod there’s any random system, then for l we take the minimum separation
between ends of the system.
Example. 6 : A rod OP of length l is rotating about point O with an angular velocity ω. It is
placed near a wire of infinite length in which current i is flowing. Distance between wire and
point O is a. Find the motional emf in the rod.

Solution : Velocity of the element dx , v =ω ( x−a) l

o ω P
Therefore motional emf induced in the element,
a dx

a+l
μo i x
∫ d ε = ∫ ω ( x−a)( 2π x
)dx
a

μo iω a+l
ε =V o−V P = [l−a ln( )]
2π a

☞ One page earlier I explained about Rail problems , but those problems are not
practically possible because you can’t make a long rail to continuously supply electrical
energy. Therefore we make a practical setup with rotating rod. In this setup rail is circular
and one end of hinged on the centre while other end is free to rotate on the rail.

ω R r
l ωBl2 /2

ω B l2
i=
2 (r + R)

☞ Induced Electric Field :

We saw that if magnetic field varies then a current flows in a closed loop placed inside it
and current is what ? - Basically lot of charges. It simply means that if we place a charge
inside a time varying magnetic field then it also experiences a force. But since charge is at
rest therefore it’s not the magnetic force. If a stationary charge is experiencing force then it
is a kind of electrostatic field for sure. This leads to the concept of Induced electric field.
Therefore we can say that A changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

dϕ
Hence emf can be written as, ε =∮ ⃗E⋅dl=−
⃗ --- (4)
dt
 ⃗ ∂⃗
or it can be written as, ∮ ⃗E⋅dl=−
⃗ ∫ ∂∂Bt ⋅d ⃗a ∇ ×⃗
E=−
B
∂t
--- (5)
Direction of induced electric field is like this-

( If magnetic field is inside. )

We can use a trick here , equation (4) looks like Ampere’s law. So to solve the problem of
induced electric field we use Amperian loop.

Example. 7 : For the shaded region of inside magnetic field B(t) , find the induced electric
field inside and outside the region.

Solution : To calculate the induced electric field inside the region, draw an Amperian loop
at a distance r inside the region.

dϕ
From equation (4), ∮ ⃗E⋅dl=−
⃗
dt
R
2 d B (t ) r
E(2 π r)=− π r
dt

r d B(t)
or, E=−
2 dt

For outside the region,

dϕ
∮ ⃗E⋅dl=−
⃗
dt
R
d B(t )
2
E(2 π r)=− π R r
dt
 2
R d B(t)
E=−
2r d t

☞ Self-Inductance : If current flowing in a coil changes then flux passing through it due
to it’s own current also changes. And this flux change generates an induced emf and
induced current in the same coil. The direction of the induced current is such that it
opposes the original current ( Lenz law ). This process is called Self-Induction.

If current in loop is increasing then the induced emf in the loop,

di di
ε∝ ε =− L
dt dt

∫ ε d t=∫ L d i ϕ T= L i

Here L is proportionality constant and it is called Self-Inductance. It’s unit is Henery.

☞ Self-Inductance of a Solenoid :

R
i

l
Let us suppose n is number of turns per unit length and i current is flowing in the solenoid
then magnetic field inside the solenoid is,

B= μ o n i

Flux passing through the solenoid, ϕ T = μ o n i( π R 2) n l ϕ T =( μ o n2 π R 2 l)i

Comparing it with ϕ T = Li , we get

L=μ o n2 π R 2 l

☞ Energy inside an inductor : Voltage across the inductor,

di
ε=L
dt
io
di
Therefore power stored inside the inductor, P=L i E=∫ P d t =∫ L i d i
dt 0
 1
hence,
2
E= Lio
2

2 2 2
1 μ ni
Energy density can be written as, u= μ o n2 π R 2 l i o2= o
2V 2μo

2
B
or, u=
2μo

☞ Mutual Inductance : If two coils { Primary and Secondary } are places nearly and in
primary coil time varying current is flowing, then flux passing through secondary coil also
changes and due to this an induced emf and induced current is generated in the loop.

Flux in secondary coil, ϕ 2 ∝ i1 or ϕ 2= M 21 i1 --- (6)

ϕ2
Mutual inductance, M 21=
i1

ϕ1
similarly, M 12= and M 21=M 12= M
i2

d i1
Differentiating equation (6), we get ε 2=− M
dt

☞ Mutual inductance between two solenoids :

S2
R2 S1
R1

Suppose variable current i1 is passing through inner solenoid S1 . Hence magnetic field
inside the solenoid,
B1 = μ o n1 i1
Total flux passing through each turn of solenoid S2 ,

ϕ 2= μ o n1 i1 ( π R 21 )

Hence total flux, ϕ T = μ o n1 i1 ( π R 21) n2 l

ϕ2
Therefore mutual inductance, M=
2
M = μ o n1 n2 π R 1 l
i1

Maxwell’s Equations

☞ Till now we have covered a lot of things in Electromagnetism and in this journey we
have seen some laws and results. On the behalf of those results we can summarise
complete Electromagnetism in just four equations. These equations look like,

ρ
(a): ∇ ⋅⃗
E= ε { Gauss’s law }
o

(b): ⃗
∇ ⋅B=0 { Hasn’t any name }

∂⃗
B
(c): ∇ ×⃗
E=− { Faraday’s law }
∂t

(d): ⃗ μ o ⃗J
∇ × B= { Ampere’s law }

After mid nineteenth Maxwell started working on these equations because there was some
problem in the calculation. Let’s see that,

Take the divergence of equation (c)

∂⃗
B ∂ (∇⃗⋅B)
∇ ⋅(∇ × ⃗
E )=−∇ ⋅ =− --- (1)
∂t ∂t

Look at this equation carefully, on left hand side there’s divergence of curl and that is zero.
On right hand side it’s also because of equation (b). It means there’s no problem in
equation (c) but if you do the same calculation for equation (d), you’ll face some problems.

⃗ μ o (∇ ⋅⃗J )
∇ ⋅(∇ × B)= --- (2)

Again right hand side is zero because of divergence of curl but right hand side is zero only
for steady currents. Other than that right hand side is not zero that means there’s some
problem in Ampere’s law.
 Let’s do some practical thing to show that the Ampere’s law fails for non-steady currents.
Take the case of charging of the capacitor,
Amperian loop

Apply Ampere’s law for the circular loop,

∮ B⋅dl= μ o⋅ienclosed
What is ienclosed , it’s basically current passing through loop or more accurately current
piercing a surface that has the loop for its boundary. For planar surface ienclosed =i but for a
surface which is passing in between the plates, ienclosed =0 . But how’s that possible that
there are two different currents from the same loop ?

☞ Maxwell’s Correction : Maxwell used continuity equation and Gauss’s law to solve this
puzzle,
∂ρ ∂ ∂⃗
E
∇ ⋅⃗
J =− ⃗
=− (ε o ∇ ⋅E)=−∇ (ε o⋅ )
∂t ∂t ∂t

∂⃗E
or, ∇ ⋅[ ⃗J +(ε o⋅
)]=0
∂t
It means that if we want the right hand side of equation (2) to be zero, then we need to
∂E⃗
add (ε o⋅ ) in J . Therefore now equation (d) can be re-written as,
∂t

⃗
⃗ μ o ⃗J + μ o ε o⋅∂ E
∇ × B=
∂t

This equation leads to a result that ,” A changing electric field induces a magnetic field.”

Extra term found in the correction is called displacement current.

∂⃗E
J⃗d =ε o⋅
∂t

Now the four equations defining the Electromagnetism can be written with correction and
are called Maxwell’s Equations.
ρ
(a): ∇ ⋅⃗
E= ε { Gauss’s law }
o

(b): ⃗
∇ ⋅B=0 { Hasn’t any name }
 ∂⃗
B
(c): ∇ ×⃗
E=− { Faraday’s law }
∂t

⃗
(d): ⃗ =μ o ⃗J + μ o ε o⋅∂ E
∇ ×B { Ampere’s law with Maxwell’s correction }
∂t
 Exercise-1

Q.1 : The magnetic field in a region is given by B=B o t 3 . In this magnetic field a circular
loop ( radius R ) of resistance r is placed. Find the current flowing in the loop.

3 Bo π R2 t 3 2 Bo π R3 t 2 3 Bo π R2 t 2 3 Bo π R2 t 2
(a). (b). (c). (d).
r r 2r r

Q.2 : Two current carrying loops of radius a and b for which b<<a , are placed in a plane .
In bigger loop current i=io t 3 is flowing. If resistance of the smaller loop is R, then find the
current in smaller loop.

2 2 2 2 2
3 μ o π b iO t 3 μ o π b iO t 3 μ o π b iO t μ o π b2 iO t 2
(a). (b). (c). (d).
2a R aR 2aR aR

Q.3 : In a magnetic field B=B o t , an insulating ring having total positive charge Q, radius r
and mass m uniformly distributed on it , is placed. Find the angular velocity of the ring after
time to .

ω Bo t o ω Bo t o 2 ω Bo t o ω Bo t o
(a). (b). (c). (d).
m 2m m 4m

Q.4 : In a region of width d magnetic field is varying as B=B o t 2 . A square loop of side a
and resistance r enters in the region at time t=0 with velocity v as given in the figure. Find
the induced current in the circuit at time to ( < a/v ) . Also draw the graph of induced
current with time.
d

Q.5 : A conducting rod of length l and resistance r can slide with friction on the conducting
rails as given in the figure below and rails are connected with an external resistance R. This
setup is kept in the vertical plane and gravity is effective. Now the rod is released from rest
at t=0 . Find the velocity of rod as a function of time.

mg
Q.6 : A circular ring of radius R and resistance r is rotating in a constant magnetic field B o
with an angular velocity ω about the vertical axis along it’s diameter. Write the expression of
induced current flowing in it.

Q.7 : A rod of length l and resistance r is sliding without any friction on the conducting rails
as given in the figure below. Rails are connected with an external circuit of each resistance
R. If it starts at t=0 with velocity v=vo then find the current through middle resistance R at
time to .

R
vo B
R

Q.8 : A conducting circular loop of radius a placed in a uniform, perpendicular magnetic

field B. A thick metal rod OP is hinged at the centre O. The other end of rod touches the
loop at P. The centre O and a fixed point C on the loop are connected by a wire OC of
resistance R. A force is applied at the middle point of the rod OP perpendicularly, so that
the rod rotates clockwise with a uniform angular velocity ω. Find the force.
R

×
× ×
× a ×
×
× ×
× F ×
× ×
 Exercise-2

Q.1 : A small loop of wire of area A=0.01 m2 , N=40 turns and resistance R=20 ohm is
initially kept in a uniform magnetic field B in such a way that the field is normal to the loop.
When it is pulled out of the magnetic field, a total charge of Q=2×10−5 C flows through
the coil. The magnitude of magnetic field B is ( IIT JAM 2005 )

(a). 1×10−3 T (b). 4×10−3 T (c). zero (d). Data is insufficient

Q.2 : A uniform and constant magnetic field B coming out of the plane of the paper exists
in a rectangular region as shown in the figure. A conducting rod PQ is rotated about O with
a uniform angular speed ω in the plane of the paper. The emf EPQ induced between P and Q
is best represented by the graph ( IIT JAM 2007 )
EPQ EPQ

(a). O t (b). O t
B

EPQ EPQ
O

(c). O t (d). O t Q

Q.3 : In a region of space, a time dependent magnetic field B=0.4 tesla points vertically
upwards. Consider a horizontal, circular loop of radius 2cm in this region. The magnitude of
the electric field (in mV / m) induced in the loop is……………. ( IIT JAM 2015 )

Q.4 : Consider a small bar magnet undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) along the x -
axis. A coil whose plane is perpendicular to the x - axis is placed such that the magnet
passes in and out of it during its motion. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Neglect damping effects. ( IIT JAM 2016 )

(a) Induced e.m.f. is minimum when the centre of the bar magnet crosses the coil
(b) The frequency of the induced current in the coil is half of the frequency of the SHM
(c) Induced e.m.f. in the coil will not change with the velocity of the magnet
(d) The sign of the e.m.f. depends on the pole ( N or S ) face of the magnet which enters
into the coil

Q.5 : A rectangular loop of dimension L and width w moves with a constant velocity v away
from an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I in the plane of the loop as shown in
the figure below. Let R be the resistance of the loop. What is the current in the loop at the
instant the near –side is at a distance r from the wire?
μoI L w v μoI L w v v
(a). (b).
2 π R r [r +2 w ] 2 π R [2 r +w ]
R w
μoI L w v μoI L w v
(c). (d).
2 π R r [r +w ] 2 π R 2 r [r +w ] r
L
I ( IIT JAM 2017 )

Q.6 : A rectangular loop of dimensions l and w moves with a constant speed of v through a
region containing a uniform magnetic field B directed into the paper and extending a
distance of 4w. Which of the following figures correctly represents the variation of emf (ε)
with the position (x) of the front end of the loop?
( IIT JAM 2018 )

B
l ×
w

0 4w
x
ε ε
+Bwv +Bwv

(a). 0 0 w
4w x (b). 0
0 w
4w
x
-Bwv -Bwv

ε ε
+Blv
+Blv

(c). 0
0 w
4w x (d). 0
w
4w
x
0

-Blv -Blv

Q.7 : . A small conducting square loop of side l is placed inside a concentric large
conducting square loop of side L( L≫l) . The value of mutual inductance of the system is
2
n μol
expressed as . The value of n is ______ (Round off to two decimal places) ( IIT JAM 2021 )
πL

Q.8 : Consider two, single turn, co-planar, concentric coils of radii R 1 and R2 with R1>>R2 .
The mutual inductance between the coils is proportional to, ( IIT JAM 2017 )
 2 2
R1 R2 R2 R1
(a). (b). (c). (d).
R2 R1 R1 R2

Q.9 : A long solenoid is carrying a time dependent current such that the magnetic field
inside has the form B(t )=B o t 2 k^ , where k^ is along the axis of the solenoid. The
displacement current at the point P on a circle of radius r in a plane perpendicular to the
axis ( IIT JAM 2018 )
k
(a) is inversely proportional to r and radially outward
(b) is inversely proportional to r and tangential
(c) increases linearly with time and is tangential. r
P
(d) is inversely proportional to 2 r and tangential

Answers
Exercise : 1
B2 l 2
3 Bo a v t 2 mg( R+r) − t
1 : (d) , 2 : (a) , 3 : (b) , 4 : ,5: v= 2 2
[1−e m l(R +r )
]
r Bl

2
Bo π R ω v o Bl ω a3 B 2
6: i= sin(ω t) 7: 8:
r r 2r

Exercise : 2
1 : (a) , 2 : (a) , 3 : 4 , 4 : (a) , 5 : (c) , 6 : (c) , 7 : 2.828 , 8 : (c) , 9 : (b)