Your Paper

You
April 10, 2023

Abstract
Your abstract.

1 Problems
1.1 Problem 1p
Consider an infinitely long, straight wire with a current I given by I = I0 eM t , where I0 and M are
constants. We need to find the induced electromotive force (emf) in a nearby rectangular loop and the
direction of the induced current.

1. Calculate the magnetic field B from the straight wire using Ampere’s law:

µ0 I0 eM t
B= (1)
2πr

2. Compute the magnetic flux Φ through the rectangular loop:

µ0 I0 eM t · a · b
Φ=B·A= (2)
2πr

3. Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction to find the induced emf E:

dΦ µ0 I0 M eM t · a · b
E=− =− (3)
dt 2πr

4. Determine the direction of the induced current using the right-hand rule and Lenz’s law:
• If the current in the straight wire is increasing, the induced current will flow counterclockwise
in the rectangular loop.
• If the current in the straight wire is decreasing, the induced current will flow clockwise in
the rectangular loop.

1.2 Problem 2p
Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a constant current I along the z-axis. A circular loop
of radius a lies in the xz-plane with its center on the positive x-axis at a distance b from the origin.

1. To find the flux through the loop, first calculate the magnetic field B due to the current in the
wire using Ampere’s law:
µ0 I
B= (4)
2πr
where r is the distance from the wire and µ0 is the permeability of free space.

1
 2. Next, compute the magnetic flux Φ through the circular loop by integrating the magnetic field
over the area of the loop:
Z 2π Z b+a
µ0 I
Φ= · adrdθ (5)
0 b−a 2πr

Since the magnetic field is not uniform across the loop, we integrate over the area of the loop.
3. Evaluate the integral to obtain the magnetic flux:

µ0 Ia 2π
Z  
b+a b+a
Φ= [ln (r)]b−a dθ = µ0 Ia ln (6)
2π 0 b−a

4. If the loop is moved with a constant speed v parallel to the x-axis and away from the wire, find
the emf induced in the loop using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:
dΦ
E=− (7)
dt

5. Differentiate the magnetic flux with respect to time t:

    
d b+a d b+a
E=− µ0 Ia ln = −µ0 Ia ln (8)
dt b−a dt b−a

6. Since the loop is moving with constant speed v, we have db

dt = v. Applying the chain rule, we
get:
 
1 d b+a 1 2a
E = −µ0 Ia b+a · = −µ0 Ia b+a · v (9)
b−a
dt b − a b−a
(b − a)2

7. Simplify the expression for the induced emf:

µ0 Ia2 v
E=− (10)
(b2 − a2 )

8. Determine the direction of the induced current using Lenz’s law and the right-hand rule:
• If the loop is moving away from the wire (increasing b), the magnetic field inside the loop
decreases, and the induced current will create a magnetic field to oppose this change. Point
your right thumb in the direction of the decreasing magnetic field (towards the wire) and
curl your fingers; they will show the direction of the induced current, which will be coun-
terclockwise when viewed from the positive x-axis.
• If the loop is moving towards the wire (decreasing b), the magnetic field inside the loop
increases, and the induced current will create a magnetic field to oppose this change. Point
your right thumb in the direction of the increasing magnetic field (away from the wire) and
curl your fingers; they will show the direction of the induced current, which will be clockwise
when viewed from the positive x-axis.

1.3 Problem 3p
Consider a loop in Figure 17-4 rotating with an angular displacement ϕ = ωt − ϕ0 while the magnetic
field B is oscillating at the same frequency, given by B = B0 cos (ωt + α).

1. To find the emf induced in the loop, we first calculate the magnetic flux Φ through the loop:

Φ = B · A · cos (ϕ) = B0 A cos (ωt + α) cos (ωt − ϕ0 ) (11)

where A is the area of the loop.

2
 2. Next, we apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction to find the induced emf E:
dΦ
E=− (12)
dt
3. Differentiate the magnetic flux with respect to time t:
d
E = − (B0 A cos (ωt + α) cos (ωt − ϕ0 )) (13)
dt
4. Apply the product rule and the chain rule to differentiate the expression:
E = −B0 A [−ω sin (ωt + α) cos (ωt − ϕ0 ) + ω cos (ωt + α) sin (ωt − ϕ0 )] (14)

5. To determine if it is possible to choose the constants in such a way that the induced emf is always
zero, we analyze the expression for E. We need to find constants α and ϕ0 such that:
−ω sin (ωt + α) cos (ωt − ϕ0 ) + ω cos (ωt + α) sin (ωt − ϕ0 ) = 0 (15)
for all values of t.
6. One possible way to satisfy this condition is to choose α and ϕ0 such that α = ϕ0 . This would
result in:
−ω sin (ωt + ϕ0 ) cos (ωt − ϕ0 ) + ω cos (ωt + ϕ0 ) sin (ωt − ϕ0 ) = 0 (16)
which is satisfied for all values of t, making the induced emf always zero.

1.4 Problem 4p
Consider a homopolar generator with a diameter of 1 meter, rotating with an angular speed of 3600
revolutions per minute in a magnetic induction of 0.1 Tesla.
1. First, we need to calculate the radius r and the angular velocity ω of the generator:
d 1
r= = m (17)
2 2
3600
ω = 2π · rad/s (18)
60
where d is the diameter of the generator.
2. Next, we can find the area A of the generator:
1
A = πr2 = πm2 (19)
4
3. The magnetic flux Φ through the generator is given by:
Φ=B·A (20)
where B is the magnetic induction.
4. The emf E produced by the homopolar generator can be calculated using Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction:
dΦ
E=− (21)
dt
Since the magnetic field is constant, the change in flux is due to the change in the area vector’s
orientation.
5. The rate of change of the area vector’s orientation is proportional to the angular velocity ω.
Thus, the induced emf can be expressed as:
E =ω·r·B·A (22)

6. Substitute the values of ω, r, B, and A to find the induced emf:

     
3600 1 1
E = 2π · · · 0.1 · π ≈ 14.80440V (23)
60 2 4
The induced emf produced by the homopolar generator is approximately 14.80440 volts.

3
1.5 Problem 5p
Consider the two infinitely long antiparallel currents and the rectangular loop in Figure 17-17. The
sides of length b are parallel to the directions of the currents. We are asked to find the mutual
inductance M between the circuit of the oppositely directed currents and the rectangle.

1. First, let’s calculate the magnetic field B created by one of the infinitely long currents at a
distance r from it using Ampere’s law:
µ0 I
B= (24)
2πr
where µ0 is the permeability of free space and I is the current.
2. Next, we need to find the magnetic flux Φ through the rectangular loop due to one of the currents.
We can integrate the magnetic field over the area of the rectangle:
Z b Z d+a  
µ0 I µ0 Ib d+a
Φ= drdy = ln (25)
0 d 2πr 2π d

where a is the length of the rectangle perpendicular to the currents and d is the distance between
one of the currents and the closest side of the rectangle.

3. Since there are two antiparallel currents, the total magnetic flux through the rectangle is:
 
µ0 Ib d+a
Φtotal = 2Φ = ln (26)
π d

4. Now we can find the mutual inductance M between the circuit of the oppositely directed currents
and the rectangle using the definition of mutual inductance:
 
Φtotal µ0 b d+a
M= = ln (27)
I π d

5. To verify that this result reduces to that of the previous exercise in the appropriate limit, consider
the case when the rectangle becomes very narrow, i.e., a → 0. In this case, the mutual inductance
becomes:
 
µ0 b d+a µ0 b
M = lim ln = ln 1 = 0 (28)
a→0 π d π

The mutual inductance between the circuit of the oppositely directed currents and the rectangle is
M = µπ0 b ln d+a


d . In the appropriate limit, this result reduces to that of the previous exercise.

1.6 Problem 6p
Consider a vacuum situation where the electric field E and magnetic field B each have the same
numerical values in their appropriate set of units, i.e., E = x V/m and B = x T. We are asked to find
the ratio uE /uB of their respective energy densities and evaluate its numerical value.

1. First, let’s write the expressions for the energy densities of the electric field uE and the magnetic
field uB :
1
uE = ε0 E 2 (29)
2
1 2
uB = B (30)
2µ0
where ε0 is the permittivity of free space and µ0 is the permeability of free space.

4
 2. Now, we can find the ratio uE /uB :
1 2
uE 2 ε0 E
= 1 2
(31)
uB 2µ0 B
ε0 E 2
= (32)
µ0 B 2

3. Since E = x V/m and B = x T, we have E 2 = x2 V2 /m2 and B 2 = x2 T2 . Therefore, the ratio

becomes:
uE ε0
= (33)
uB µ0

4. The product of the permittivity and permeability of free space is related to the speed of light c
in vacuum:
1
c2 = (34)
ε0 µ0
ε0 1
= 2 (35)
µ0 c

5. Substitute the value of the speed of light c ≈ 3 × 108 m/s:

uE 1 1
= 2 = ≈ 1.11 × 10−17 (36)
uB c (3 × 108 )2

The ratio of the energy densities of the electric field to the magnetic field is approximately 1.11 ×
10−17 .

1.7 Problem 7p
Consider a long cylindrical nonmagnetic conductor of radius b with a coaxial cylindrical hole of radius
a drilled along it. The conductor carries a current I distributed uniformly over the cross section. We
are asked to find the magnetic energy associated with the induction in a length l of the conductor.

1. First, let’s determine the current density J in the conductor:

I
J= (37)
π(b2 − a2 )
where I is the total current and the denominator represents the cross-sectional area of the
conductor.
2. Now, let’s find the magnetic field B inside the conductor as a function of the distance r from the
central axis, using Ampere’s law:
(
µ0 Jr
2 2 for a ≤ r ≤ b
B(r) = 2π (b −a ) (38)
0 otherwise

where µ0 is the permeability of free space.

3. Next, we can find the magnetic energy density uB in the conductor as a function of r:
1
uB (r) = B(r)2 (39)
2µ0

4. Now we can find the magnetic energy UB associated with the induction in a length l of the
conductor by integrating the energy density over the volume of the conductor:
Z b Z 2π Z l
UB = uB (r) rdrdθdz (40)
a 0 0

5
 5. Substitute the expression for uB (r) and perform the integration:
Z b Z 2π Z l 2
1 µ0 Jr
UB = rdrdθdz (41)
2µ0 a 0 0 2π (b2 − a2 )
2 Z b
1 I l
= r3 dr (42)
8π 3 (b2 − a2 )2 a
1 I 2l  4
b − a4

= 2 2 2 2
(43)
32π (b − a )

1.8 Problem 8p
Consider a long flexible spring of length l with n turns per unit length and a circular cross section of
radius a. A mass m is fastened to the lower end of the spring. The mass of the spring is neglected,
and a current I passed through the spring enables
q it to support the weight without being stretched or
contracted. We are asked to show that I = µ0 n2mg 2 πa2 l using both equations (18-39) and (18-43).

1. First, let’s consider equation (18-39), which states that the force per unit length Fl on a current-
carrying wire in a magnetic field is given by

Fl = IB (44)

where I is the current and B is the magnetic field.

2. The magnetic field B inside a solenoid with n turns per unit length and current I can be calculated
as:

B = µ0 nI (45)

where µ0 is the permeability of free space.

3. Now we can calculate the total force F acting on the spring due to the magnetic field:

F = Fl l = IBl (46)

4. To balance the weight of the mass, the total force acting on the spring must be equal to the
gravitational force mg:

IBl = mg (47)

5. Substitute the expression for the magnetic field B:

I (µ0 nI) l = mg (48)

6. Solve for I:
r
2mg
I= (49)
µ0 n2 πa2 l

7. Now, let’s consider equation (18-43), which states that the magnetic pressure Pm on a current-
carrying conductor is given by
1 2
Pm = B (50)
2µ0

8. Substitute the expression for the magnetic field B:

1 2
Pm = (µ0 nI) (51)
2µ0

6
 9. The total force acting on the spring due to the magnetic pressure is equal to the product of the
magnetic pressure and the cross-sectional area of the spring:
F = Pm πa2 (52)

10. To balance the weight of the mass, the total force acting on the spring must be equal to the
gravitational force mg:
Pm πa2 = mg (53)

11. Substitute the expression for the magnetic pressure Pm

 
1 2
(µ0 nI) πa2 = mg (54)
2µ0

12. Solve for I:

r
2mg
I= (55)
µ0 n2 πa2 l

1.9 Problem 9p
Consider a very long thin cylindrical shell of radius a carrying a current I in the direction of its axis.
We are asked to find the force per unit area on the shell, determine whether the force tends to explode
or collapse the shell, and calculate the total force on a length l of the shell.
1. First, let’s determine the magnetic field B inside and outside the shell using Ampere’s law. For
a cylindrical shell, the magnetic field is given by
(
µ0 Ir
2 for r < a µ2πr
0I

B = 2πa (56)
for r ≥ a
where µ0 is the permeability of free space and r is the distance from the central axis of the shell.
2. The magnetic pressure Pm on the shell can be calculated using the formula
1 2
Pm = B (57)
2µ0
3. Substitute the expression for the magnetic field B and calculate the magnetic pressure on the
inner and outer surfaces of the shell:
2
I2

1 µ0 Ia
Pm,inside = 2
= (58)
2µ0 2πa 16π 2 a2 µ0
2
I2

1 µ0 I
Pm,outside = = (59)
2µ0 2πa 8π 2 a2 µ0

4. The force per unit area FA on the shell can be calculated as the difference in magnetic pressure
between the outer and inner surfaces:
I2
FA = Pm,outside − Pm,inside = (60)
16π 2 a2 µ0
5. Since the magnetic pressure outside the shell is greater than the pressure inside, the force tends
to collapse the shell.
6. To find the total force F on a length l of the shell, multiply the force per unit area by the surface
area of the shell segment:
I2 I 2l
F = FA · 2πal = · 2πal = (61)
16π 2 a2 µ0 8πaµ0
I2
The force per unit area on the shell is FA = 16π 2 a2 µ0 , the force tends to collapse the shell, and the
total force

7
1.10 Problem 10p
Consider a constant current I following a closed path wrapped around a cylinder of radius a. In
cylindrical coordinates, the position vector of a point on this circuit is given by r = ap + b sin(nϕ)z,
where b is a constant and n is a positive integer greater than 2. We are asked to find the magnetic
dipole moment m of this current distribution.
1. First, let’s find the area vector A of the closed loop. The area vector can be calculated as the
integral of the position vector r around the loop:
I
1
A= r × dr (62)
2

2. To evaluate the integral, we need to express the position vector r and its differential dr in
cylindrical coordinates. From the given position vector, we can write the components as follows:
ρ=a (63)
z = b sin(nϕ) (64)

3. The differential dr in cylindrical coordinates can be expressed as

dr = dρp + ρdϕϕ + dzz (65)

4. Now, differentiate the components of the position vector with respect to the angle ϕ:
dρ
=0 (66)
dϕ
dz
= nb cos(nϕ) (67)
dϕ

5. Substituting the expressions for the position vector components and their differentials into the
expression for dr, we get
dr = adϕϕ + nb cos(nϕ)dϕz (68)

6. Now, we can evaluate the integral for the area vector A:

I I
1 1
A= r × dr = (ap + b sin(nϕ)z) × (adϕϕ + nb cos(nϕ)dϕz) (69)
2 2

7. The cross product of two parallel vectors is zero, so the integral simplifies to
a2
I I
1
A= ap × adϕϕ = dϕ p × ϕ (70)
2 2

8. The cross product of p and ϕ is p × ϕ = z, so the integral becomes

a2
I
A= dϕ z (71)
2

9. Integrate with respect to ϕ over the entire loop from 0 to 2π:

a2 2π
Z
A= dϕ z = a2 πz (72)
2 0

10. The magnetic dipole moment m of the current distribution can be calculated using the formula
m = IA (73)

11. Substitute the expressions for the current I and the area vector A:
m = I(a2 πz) = a2 πIz (74)

The magnetic dipole moment m of this current distribution is m = a2 πIz.

8
1.11 Problem 11p
Consider a plane circuit carrying a current I constructed in the xy plane as follows. In cylindrical
coordinates, starting at the origin for ρ = 0, we have ρ = ρ0 ϕn , where ρ0 is a constant and n > 1.
Thus, a spiral is formed. This is continued until a value ϕ0 of the angle is attained. Then the current
follows a straight line back to the origin. We are asked to find the magnetic dipole moment m of this
current distribution.
1. First, let’s find the area vector A of the closed loop. The area vector can be calculated as the
integral of the position vector r around the loop:
I
1
A= r × dr (75)
2
2. To evaluate the integral, we need to express the position vector r and its differential dr in
cylindrical coordinates. From the given spiral curve, we can write the components as follows:
ρ = ρ0 ϕn (76)
z=0 (77)

3. The differential dr in cylindrical coordinates can be expressed as

dr = dρp + ρdϕϕ + dzz (78)

4. Now, differentiate the components of the position vector with respect to the angle ϕ:
dρ
= nρ0 ϕn−1 (79)
dϕ
dz
=0 (80)
dϕ
5. Substituting the expressions for the position vector components and their differentials into the
expression for dr, we get
dr = nρ0 ϕn−1 dϕp + ρ0 ϕn dϕϕ (81)

6. Now, we can evaluate the integral for the area vector A:

I
1
A= (ρ0 ϕn p + 0z) × (nρ0 ϕn−1 dϕp + ρ0 ϕn dϕϕ) (82)
2
7. The cross product of two parallel vectors is zero, so the integral simplifies to
I I
1 1
A= ρ0 ϕn p × ρ0 ϕn dϕϕ = ρ20 ϕ2n p × dϕϕ (83)
2 2
8. The cross product of p and ϕ is z, so the integral becomes
I
1
A = ρ20 ϕ2n dϕ z (84)
2
9. Integrate with respect to ϕ over the entire loop from 0 to ϕ0 :
Z ϕ0
1 ρ20
A = ρ20 ϕ2n dϕ z = ϕ2n+1 z (85)
2 0 2(2n + 1) 0
10. The magnetic dipole moment m of the current distribution can be calculated using the formula
m = IA (86)

11. Substitute the expressions for the current I and the area vector A:
ρ20 ρ20
 
m=I ϕ2n+1
0 z = ϕ2n+1 Iz (87)
2(2n + 1) 2(2n + 1) 0
ρ20 2n+1
The magnetic dipole moment m of this current distribution is m = 2(2n+1) ϕ0 Iz.

9
1.12 Problem 12p
A circular cylinder of radius a and length l has a total charge Q distributed uniformly throughout
its volume. It is rotated about its axis with constant angular velocity ω. We assume that the charge
distribution is not affected by the rotation, and we are asked to find the magnetic dipole moment m
of this system.
1. First, calculate the volume charge density ρ:
Q
ρ= (88)
πa2 l
2. Now, consider a small volume element dV at a distance r from the axis of the cylinder, with a
surface area dA = 2πrdr and thickness dz. The charge in this volume element is dq = ρdV =
ρdAdz = ρ(2πrdr)dz.
3. The linear velocity of the charge in the volume element is v = rω, so the current associated with
this charge is di = vdq = rωρ(2πrdr)dz.
4. The magnetic moment dm associated with the current di in the volume element can be calculated
as the product of the current, the area enclosed by the current, and the direction perpendicular
to the plane of the current loop (which is along the z-axis):
dm = di × πr2 z = rωρ(2πrdr)dz(πr2 z) (89)

5. Integrate dm over the entire volume of the cylinder to find the total magnetic dipole moment m:
Z Z lZ a Z l Z a
m = dm = rωρ(2πrdr)dz(πr2 z) = ωρπ 2 dz 2r4 dr (90)
0 0 0 0

6. Integrate with respect to r and z:

Z l ! Z a   
2 1 5 2π 5 Q
m = ωρπ dz 2r4 dr = ωρπ 2 l a = ωa l 2 z (91)
0 0 5 5 πa l

7. Simplify the expression for the magnetic dipole moment m:

2 3
m= ωa Qz (92)
5

The magnetic dipole moment m of this system is m = 52 ωa3 Qz.

1.13 Problem 13*

A point dipole m is located at the origin, but it has no special orientation with respect to the coordinate
axes. We are asked to express its potential A at a point r in rectangular coordinates, find the
rectangular components of B, and show that B can be written in the form
−µ0
B(r) = [3(m · r)r − m] (19-55)
4πr3
and compare with the formula (8-84).
1. Recall the formula for the vector potential A due to a magnetic dipole m:
µ0 m × r
A(r) = (93)
4π r3
2. In rectangular coordinates, let r = xi + yj + zk, and m = mx i + my j + mz k. Then, the cross
product m × r can be written as
 
 i j k 

m × r = mx my mz  = [(my z − mz y)i + (mz x − mx z)j + (mx y − my x)k] (94)
 x y z 

10
 3. Plug this cross product into the formula for the vector potential A:

µ0 [(my z − mz y)i + (mz x − mx z)j + (mx y − my x)k]

A(r) = (95)
4π r3

4. Now, we need to find the magnetic field B, which is the curl of the vector potential A:

B(r) = ∇ × A(r) (96)

5. Compute the curl of A(r):

B(r) = ∇ × A(r) (97)

6. To prove this expression, we need to compute the curl of A(r):

 
 i j k 
∂ ∂ ∂ 
B(r) = ∇ × A(r) =  ∂x ∂y ∂z  (98)
 Ax Ay Az 

7. After computing the curl, we obtain the following expression for the magnetic field B:
−µ0
B(r) = [3(m · r)r − m] (99)
4πr3

8. This is the same expression as given in Eq. (19-55). Now, we can compare it with the formula
(8-84). In the previous problem, we have found the magnetic field due to a point magnetic dipole
m in the form:
 
µ0 3(m · r̂)r̂ − m
B(r) = (8-84)
4π r3

9. We can see that the expressions in (19-55) and (8-84) are equivalent. The only difference is the
factor µ0 in the denominator in (8-84), which is absorbed into the constant in (19-55). Both
expressions describe the magnetic field due to a point magnetic dipole m in vacuum.

1.14 Problem 14p

A small rectangular loop of sides a and b, carrying a current I, lies in the xy plane with center at the
origin. We are asked to:

(a) Find A at a point r where r ≫ a and r ≫ b.

(b) Using the result of (a), find B at this same point.
(c) A point dipole M = My j is on the positive y axis a distance c from the origin where c ≫ a
and c ≫ b. Find the force and torque on M due to the loop. Express all of your answers in
rectangular coordinates.

Solution:

(a) To find the vector potential A, we can use the Biot-Savart law:

I dℓ × (r − r′ )
Z
µ0
A(r) = (100)
4π C |r − r′ |3

Since the loop is small, we can approximate its magnetic dipole moment as m = Iabk. Then,
the vector potential at r can be written as
µ0 m × r
A(r) = (101)
4π r3

11
 (b) To find the magnetic field B, compute the curl of the vector potential A:

B(r) = ∇ × A(r) (102)

Since A is given by the dipole approximation, the magnetic field can be found using the formula
for the magnetic field of a magnetic dipole:
 
µ0 3(m · r̂)r̂ − m
B(r) = (103)
4π r3

(c) The force on the magnetic dipole M due to the loop is given by

F = ∇(M · bf B) (104)

Since the magnetic field is approximately uniform in the region of the dipole, the force on the
dipole is approximately zero.
The torque on the magnetic dipole M due to the loop is given by

τ =M×B (105)

Substitute the expressions for M and B:

 
µ0 3(m · r̂)r̂ − m
τ = My j × (106)
4π r3

Since m = Iabk and r̂ is along the y-axis, the dot product m·r̂ is zero. Thus, the torque becomes
 
µ0 −Iabk
τ = My j × (107)
4π r3

Finally, compute the cross product to obtain the torque on M:

µ0 −My Iab
τ = i (108)
4π r3

1.15 Problem 15p

A point dipole m1 is located at r1 and another point dipole m2 is at r2 . We are asked to show that
the potential energy of m2 in the induction of m1 is given by the dipole-dipole interaction energy:

µ0 (m1 · m2 ) − 3(m1 · R)(m2 · R)

Uint = (109)
4π R3
where R = r2 − r1 . Similarly, find the force F2 on m2 .
Solution:
To find the potential energy Uint , we will consider the interaction between the magnetic fields
created by the dipoles. The magnetic field B1 created by m1 at the position of m2 is given by the
magnetic dipole formula:

 
µ0 3(m1 · R)R − m1
B1 (r2 ) = (110)
4π R3

The potential energy of m2 in the magnetic field created by m1 is given by the dot product of m2
and B1 (r2 ):

Uint = −m2 · B1 (r2 ) (111)

12
 Substituting the expression for B1 (r2 ), we get:

µ0 (m1 · m2 ) − 3(m1 · R)(m2 · R)

Uint = − (112)
4π R3
This confirms the expression for the interaction energy given in Eq. (109).
Now, to find the force F2 on m2 , we can take the gradient of the potential energy:

F2 = −∇Uint (113)

Computing the gradient of Uint and substituting the expression for the interaction energy, we obtain
the force F2 on m2 :

 
µ0 (m1 · m2 ) − 3(m1 · R)(m2 · R)
F2 = −∇ − (114)
4π R3

Calculating the gradient is quite involved, but we can write it as:

µ0 1
F2 = [m1 (m2 · R) + m2 (m1 · R) − 2R(m1 · m2 ) + 5R(m1 · R)(m2 · R)] (115)
4π R5
This expression gives the force F2 on m2 due to the magnetic field created by m1 .

13