ME 4061 Compressible Flow

Steady One-Dimensional Flow

Reference: Anderson, John D. Jr. Modern Compressible Flow
with Historical Perspective. McGraw-Hill
Steady One-Dimensional Flow

●
In a general three-dimensional flow field:
V
⃗ =⃗V ( x , y , z ,t )=V x ( x , y , z ,t ) i⃗ +V y ( x , y , z ,t ) ⃗j +V z ( x , y , z ,t ) k⃗
p= p( x , y , z ,t )
ρ=ρ ( x , y , z ,t )
T =T ( x , y , z ,t )
⋮

●
Here, we will assume that all variables are functions of x only and
V x =u≠0 , V y =0 ,V z =0

An example CV
Steady One-Dimensional Flow

●
Conservation of mass: ∫ ρ V⃗⋅⃗n⋅dS=0 −ρ1 u1 A 1 + ρ2 u2 A 2=0
CS
●
Since cross-sectional area is constant
ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
Steady One-Dimensional Flow

●
Conservation of momentum: (x-direction)
∫ ρ V⃗ ( V⃗⋅⃗n ) dS=−∫ p n⃗ dS 2 2
−ρ1 u1 A 1 + ρ2 u 2 A 2 = p 1 A 1 − p 2 A 2
CS CS

●
Since cross-sectional area is constant
ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
Steady One-Dimensional Flow

●
Conservation of energy
V2 ⃗
CS
( )
∫ ρ h+ 2 ( V ⋅n⃗ ) dS=Q̇
(
−ρ1 u1 h1 +
u21
2 ) (
A 1 + ρ2 u 2 h2 +
u 22
2 ) A 2 =Q̇

●
Since conservation of mass requires ρ1 u 1 A 1=ρ2 u2 A 2
2 2
u1 u2
h 1 + +q=h2 +
2 2
●
Where
Q̇ Q̇ Amount of heat added per unit mass of fluid
q= =
ρ1 u 1 A 1 ρ2 u2 A 2

Energy equation shown

above is valid even when
cross-sectional area is
not constant !!
Speed of Sound

●
Consider a sound wave moving in stationary air. There is no heat
transfer. For a CV fixed to the sound wave, we can write
ρ a=(ρ + d ρ )(a+da)
ρ a 2 + p=(ρ +d ρ )(a+da)2 +( p+dp)
 Speed of Sound

●
Sound wave is very weak.
– Disturbances will be very small
– We will neglect product of disturbances
ρ a=(ρ + d ρ )(a+da)=ρ a+ ρ da+ a d ρ + d ρ da
da
a=−ρ
dρ

ρ a 2 + p=(ρ +d ρ )(a+da)2 +( p+dp)=ρ a2 +2 ρ a da+ ρ da 2 + a2 d ρ +2 a da d ρ +d ρ da 2

+ p+ dp
dp 2
+a
da dρ
=−
dρ 2aρ
Speed of Sound
dp 2
+a dp
dρ 2
a=
●
Then, a= dρ
2a

●
Flow variables change slowly across a sound wave (reversible) and
there is no heat transfer (adiabatic).
●
Therefore flow across a sound wave is isentropic. From isentropic
relations;
γ
p 2 ρ2 p γ

p1 ( )
= ρ
1 ρ γ =constant=C p=C ρ

dp p p
dρ
γ −1
( )
γ −1
=C γρ = γ γ ρ = γ ρ = γ R T
ρ

Then, 2 p
a =γ ρ =γ R T
Stagnation (Total) Conditions

●
Stagnation (or total) conditions will be denoted with a subscript 0.
●
Consider a hypothetical case where a fluid element is brought to rest
isentropically. (adiabatic+reversible).
●
Energy equation: u
2
h+ =h0
2
●
Calorically perfect gas
u2
c p T + =c p T 0
2
●
Total temperature: 2
u
T 0 =T +
2cp
●
If one knows the temperature and velocity at a given point, then the
total temperature corresponding to that point can be calculated.
Stagnation (Total) Conditions

●
For any two points in an adiabatic flow
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + =c p T 2 +
2 2

c p T 01 c p T 02
●
Total temperature remains constant in adiabatic flow !!
●
Recall:
u2 T0 u2
T 0 =T + =1+
2cp T 2cpT
2
γR a
●
Aside c p T = T=
γ−1 γ −1
T0 γ −1 u 2 γ −1 2
Then, =1+ =1+ M
T 2 a 2
2
Stagnation (Total) Conditions

●
Since total conditions would be obtained when the flow is brought to
rest isentropically, using isentropic relations.
γ γ
p 0 ρ0 T0 γ−1 2 γ

p ( )
= ρ =
T ( ) (
γ −1
= 1+
2
M ) γ −1

●
Even though total temperature remains constant in adiabatic flow,
the other total conditions may change unless the flow is also
reversible.
●
Stagnation speed of sound: (also constant in adiabatic flow)
a0 = √ γ R T 0
Importance of Total Pressure
●
Recall entropy change between two points:
T2 p2
s2 −s1 =c p ln
( ) ( )
T1
−R ln
p1
●
The above relation can be written in terms of total conditions
T 02 p 02
s2 −s1 =c p ln
( ) ( )
T 01
−R ln
p 01
●
For adiabatic flow total temperature is constant
p 02
s2 −s1 =−R ln
( )
p 01
●
In adiabatic flow entropy generation is purely due to irreversibilities.
●
Total pressure loss is an indication of irreversible losses in adiabatic single
stream devices (e.g. turbines, compressors, nozzles, diffusers)
Sonic Conditions

●
Sonic conditions will be denoted with a superscript *.
●
Consider a hypothetical case where a fluid element is brought to
sonic speed adiabatically.
●
Energy equation: 2 ✷2
u a
h+ =h ✷ +
2 2
●
Calorically perfect gas
u2 ✷ a
✷2
c p T + =c p T +
2 2
●
Since 2
γR a
cpT= T=
γ−1 γ −1
a2 u2 γ +1 ✷ 2
+ = a
γ−1 2 2( γ −1)
Sonic Conditions

●
For any two points in an adiabatic flow
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + =c p T 2 +
2 2
γ +1 ✷ 2 γ +1 ✷ 2
a 1 2( γ −1) a 2
2( γ −1)
●
a* (also T*) remains constant in adiabatic flow !!
2
Since γ +1 ✷ 2 a
a = 0
●

2( γ −1) γ −1

a✷ 2 T ✷ 2
= =
a 0 T 0 γ +1
2
Characteristic Mach Number
a2 u2 γ +1 ✷ 2
●
Consider the equation + = a
γ −1 2 2( γ −1)
●
Divide both sides bu u2
(a/u)2 1 γ +1 ✷ 2
+ = (a /u)
γ −1 2 2( γ −1)
Define the characteristic Mach number, M*; ✷ u
M =
●
✷
a
2
(1/ M ) 1 γ +1 ✷ 2
+ = (1/ M )
γ −1 2 2( γ −1)

2 2
M =
γ +1 M <1 M ✷ <1
✷2
−( γ −1) ✷
M M =1 M =1
✷
( γ +1) M
2 M >1 M >1
✷2
M = 2
2+( γ −1) M
Normal Shock Relations

●
Consider a very small (point) sound source moving with speed V
Normal Shock Relations

●
A point source moving at supersonic speeds generate a weak wave
called a Mach wave.
●
A large solid object (like an airplane) would generate much larger
disturbance and produce a much stronger shock wave at supersonic
speeds
Normal Shock Relations

●
When the shock wave is normal to the flow direction, such shock is
called a normal shock and across a normal shock flow direction does
not change.
– One-dimensional flow relations are valid.
●
There is also no heat addition or removal to the flow across a shock
wave (adiabatic flow).
– Total and sonic temperature (and speed of sound) are constant across
the shock wave
●
Let 1 denote upstream of the shock wave and 2 denote downstream
of the shock wave.
ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + =c p T 2 +
2 2
Normal Shock Relations

●
Start with ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
●
Since ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2

p1 p2
●
We can write u1 + =u2 +
ρ1 u 1 ρ2 u 2
2 2
γp
2 a1 a2
●
Since a = ρ u1 + =u2 +
γ u1 γ u2

Recall a2 u2 γ +1 ✷ 2 2
a=
γ +1 ✷ 2 γ−1 2
a − u
●
+ = a
γ −1 2 2( γ −1) 2 2

γ +1 ✷ 2 γ −1 2 γ +1 ✷ 2 γ −1 2
u1 + a1 − u 1=u2 + a2 − u2
2 γ u1 2 γ u1 2 γ u2 2 γ u2
Normal Shock Relations
γ +1 ✷ 2 γ −1 2 γ +1 ✷ 2 γ −1 2
u1 + a1 − u 1=u2 + a2 − u2
2 γ u1 2 γ u1 2 γ u2 2 γ u2

●
Since sonic speed of sound is constant across shock wave,
rearranging;
γ +1 ✷ 2 γ −1
(u 2−u 1 )a + (u 2−u 1 )=(u2 −u1 )
2 γ u1 u 2 2γ

●
Solving for sonic speed of sound: a ✷ 2=u 1 u 2
●
Using characteristic Mach Number: 1
✷
M = ✷
2
M1
●
Flow downstream of a normal shock is subsonic
Normal Shock Relations
2
Since ✷2 ( γ +1) M
●
M = 2
2+( γ −1) M

2 2
✷ 1 ( γ +1) M 2 2+( γ −1) M 1
M2= ✷ =
M1 2+( γ −1) M
2
2
2
( γ +1) M 1
●
Then,

( γ −1) 2
1+ M1
2 2
M 2=
2 γ −1
γ M 1−
2
Normal Shock Relations

●
Starting with ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
ρ2 u 1 u 21 2
u1 ✷2 ( γ +1) M
2
1
= = =
ρ1 u u u a ✷ 2 =M 1 = 2
2 1 2 2+( γ −1) M 1
●
Next, ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
u2
p 2− p 1=ρ1 u 1 (u1 −u2 )=ρ1 u 1−
u1
2
1 ( )
●
Divide both sides by p1
p2 ρ1 u21 u2
p1
−1=
p1
1−
( )
u1
γ p1
2
●
Since a = ρ1
1

p2 γ u12 u2 u2
p1 a1 u1 ( )
2
−1= 2 1− = γ M 1 1−
u1 ( )
Normal Shock Relations

●
Then the pressure ratio becomes
p2 2γ 2
=1+ ( M 1 −1 )
p1 γ +1
●
From equation of state; p=ρ R T
T 2 p 2 ρ1
= ρ
T 1 p1 2

Recall; p 0
γ
γ −1 2
( )
●
= 1+ M γ −1
p 2
●
Then γ−1 2 γ

p 02 p 2
=
(
1+
2
M2 ) γ −1

p01 p 1 γ−1 2 γ

(
1+
2
M1 ) γ −1
Normal Shock Relations (Summary)

●
Given the conditions at station 1:
γ
γ −1 2
1+
( γ −1) 2
2
M1 p 02 p 2 (
1+
2
M2 ) γ −1

M 22= =
p01 p 1 γ
γ −1 γ −1 2
2
γ M 1−
2 (
1+
2
M1 ) γ −1

2
ρ2 u 1 ( γ +1) M 1 T 02
ρ1 = u = 2+( γ −1) M 2 T 01
=1
2 1

p2 2γ 2
=1+ ( M 1 −1 )
p1 γ +1
T 2 p 2 ρ1
= ρ
T 1 p1 2
Normal Shock Relations

●
Can we see a shock wave at subsonic speeds?

M1 M2 p2/p1 rho2/ T2/T1 u2/u1 p02/p01 s2-s1

rho1

0.50 2.65 0.1250 0.2857 0.4375 3.5000 2.2568 -233.60

0.75 1.38 0.4896 0.6067 0.8069 1.6481 1.0374 -10.54
1.00 1.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.00
1.25 0.81 1.6563 1.4286 1.1594 0.7000 0.9871 3.74
1.50 0.70 2.4583 1.8621 1.3202 0.5370 0.9298 20.89
Normal Shock Relations

●
Can we see a shock wave at subsonic speeds?
●
NO !!
●
Expansion shock is not possible due to decrease in entropy.
Therefore, M1 should be greater than one.
M1 M2 p2/p1 rho2/ T2/T1 u2/u1 p02/p01 s2-s1
rho1

0.50 2.65 0.1250 0.2857 0.4375 3.5000 2.2568 -233.60

0.75 1.38 0.4896 0.6067 0.8069 1.6481 1.0374 -10.54
1.00 1.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.00
1.25 0.81 1.6563 1.4286 1.1594 0.7000 0.9871 3.74
1.50 0.70 2.4583 1.8621 1.3202 0.5370 0.9298 20.89
Normal Shock Relations
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
In the normal shock analysis we assumed that the flow is adiabatic.
●
We will consider heat addition to the one-dimensional flow

1 2

Conditions q
at 1 are
known !!
ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + +q=c p T 2 +
2 2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
u2
●
Recall: c p T + =c p T 0
2
●
Then,
u21 u22 c p T 01 +q=c p T 02
c p T 1 + +q=c p T 2 +
2 2

●
T0 is no longer constant!
●
In normal shock relations Mach number at station 1 was the central
parameter.
●
Let’s try to obtain the property ratios in terms of Mach number.
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Momentum equation: ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
●
Aside γ p1 2
ρ1 u 1=ρ1 a1 M 1 =ρ1 ρ M 1= γ p1 M 21
2 2 2
1

●
A similar relation can be written for station 2
●
Then momentum equation becomes
γ p 1 M 12 + p1 = γ p 2 M 22 + p 2
●
Then the pressure ratio:
2
p 2 1+ γ M 1
=
p 1 1+ γ M 22
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
T 2 p 2 ρ1
●
Temperature ratio; using p=ρ R T = ρ
T 1 p1 2
●
Conservation of mass; ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
Then, T 2 p 2 ρ 1 p 2 u 2 p 2 a 2 M 2 p2 M 2 T 2
●
= ρ =
T 1 p1 2
= =
p 1 u 1 p 1 a 1 M 1 p1 M 1 T 1
T 2 p2 M 2
√
2 2 2
T 2 1+ γ M 1 M2
√ =
T 1 p1 M 1
=
(
T 1 1+ γ M 22 )( )M1

●
Density ratio:
ρ2 p 2 T 1 ρ2 1+ γ M 22 M1
2

ρ1 = p T
1 2
(
ρ1 = 1+ γ M 2
1
)( )
M2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Stagnation conditions:
T0 γ−1 2 p0 γ −1 2 γ

T
=1+
2
M
p
= 1+ ( 2
M ) γ −1

●
Then,
γ −1 2
1+ M2

( )
2 2 2
T 02 1+ γ M 1 M2 2
=
(
T 01 1+ γ M 22 )( ) M1
1+
γ −1 2
2
M1

γ
γ −1 2
1+ M2

( )
γ −1
2
p 02 1+ γ M 1 2
=
p01 1+ γ M 22 γ −1 2
1+ M1
2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Summary
γ−1 2

( )
p 2 1+ γ M 2
2 2 2 1+ M2
T 02 1+ γ M M2 2
=
p 1 1+ γ M
1
2
2
=
(
T 01 1+ γ M
1
2
2
)( ) M1
1+
γ−1 2
2
M1
2 2 2
T 2 1+ γ M M2
=
(
T 1 1+ γ M )( )
1
2
M1 γ −1 2 γ

( )
2
2 1+ M2 γ −1
p 02 1+ γ M 1 2
ρ2 1+ γ M 22 M1
2
u1 =
(
ρ1 = 1+ γ M 2
1
)( ) M2
=
u2
p01 1+ γ M 22
1+
γ −1 2
2
M1

c p T 01 +q=c p T 02
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
Solution Procedure
●
Solution procedure: Given conditions at 1 and q
●
Calculate T02 from c p T 01 +q=c p T 02
●
Numerically solve M2 from
γ−1 2

( )
2 2 2 1+ M2
T 02 1+ γ M M2 2
=
(
T 01 1+ γ M
1
2
2
)( ) M1
1+
γ−1 2
2
M1

●
Once you obtained M2 solve the other ratios using M1 and M2.
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Alternative solution procedure:
●
Assume that the value of q is such that sonic conditions are obtained
at station 2. Then M2 = 1, and we will denote the conditions at 2 with
superscript *; γ −1 2
1+ M1
p1

T1
✷=
1+ γ
p 1+ γ M 1

1+ γ
2

2
T
T
01
✷
0
=
1+ γ
(
1+ γ M 1
2

2 (
M
)
1)
2

1+ (2
γ −1
2
)
T
✷
(
=
1+ γ M 1 )
2 (
M 1)
2
γ −1 2
γ

( )
1+ M 1 γ −1
p 01 1+ γ 2
✷ =
ρ1 1+ γ M 1 1 2 2
u
✷ p 1+ γ M
2
γ −1
ρ ✷=( 1+ γ )( )
M1
=
u1
0 1 1+
2

✷ ✷
c p T 01 +q =c p T 0

Prepare a Table of ratios as a function of Mach number !!

The alternative solution works only if station 2 has sonic
One-dimensional
condition (M_2 =1) flow with heat addition
Recall heat
addition always
However there is a
drives the flow
sonic condition
technique to solver for all
which has M_2=1.
Start with M_2 values below;
assuming You're
calculating for
M_2=1 Then find
( )
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Solution procedure: Given conditions at 1 and q
●
Calculate T02 from c p T 01 +q=c p T 02
●
Then calculate T0* from
γ −1 2
1+ M1

●
T 01
T0
✷ =
( 1+ γ 2

)
2 (
1+ γ M 1
M 1)
2

( 1+
2
γ −1
2
) ✷
From the prepared Table, read M2 corresponding to T 02 /T 0
●
Once you obtained M2 solve the other ratios using M1 and M2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Example: Let M1 = 0.2, p1 = 1atm and T1 = 273K. If q = 1.0x106
J/kg, calculate conditions at 2.
●
For M1 = 0.2
T 01 γ −1 2 1.4−1 2
=1+ M 1=1+ (0.2) =1.008
T1 2 2
T 01 =T 1 (1.008)=273 K (1.008)=275.2 K
T 01 ✷
●
From the Table for M1 = 0.2 ✷ =0.1736
T 0 =1585.2 K
T0

●
Calculate T02
γ R 1.4 (287 J /kg . K )
c p= = =1005 J /kg . K
γ−1 1.4−1
6
c p T 01 +q=c p T 02 1.0 x 10 J / kg
T 02=275.2 K + =1270 K
1005 J / kg . K
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
T 02 1270 K
●
Then, ✷ = =0.8012
T 0 1585.2 K
●
From Table (using interpolation) M2 = 0.58.
●
Then,
p 2 1+ γ M 21 1+1.4 (0.2)2
= = =0.718 p 2=0.718 atm
p1 1+ γ M 2 1+1.4 (0.58)
2 2

2 2 2
T 2 1+ γ M M2
=
(
T 1 1+ γ M
1
2
2
)( )
M1
T 2 =1183 K

ρ2 1+ γ M 22 M1
2

(
ρ1 = 1+ γ M 2
1
)( )
M2
ρ2 =0.214 kg /m 3
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Stagnation pressure
1.4
p 01 γ −1 2 γ −1γ
1.4−1
p1 (
= 1+
2
M1 ) p 01=(1 atm) 1+( 2
(0.2)2 ) 1.4−1
=1.0283 atm

γ
γ −1 2
1+ M2

( )
γ −1
2
p 02 1+ γ M 1 2 p 02=0.902 atm
=
p01 1+ γ M 22 γ −1 2
1+ M1
2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Example: Let M1 = 3, p1 = 1atm and T1 = 300K. If q = 3.0x105 J/kg,
calculate conditions at 2.
●
For M1 = 3
T 01 γ −1 2 1.4−1 2
=1+ M 1=1+ (3) =2.8
T1 2 2
T 01 =T 1 (2.8)=300 K (2.8)=840 K
T 01 ✷
●
From the Table for M1 = 3 ✷ =0.6540
T 0 =1284.4 K
T0

●
Calculate T02
γ R 1.4 (287 J /kg . K )
c p= = =1005 J /kg . K
γ−1 1.4−1
5
c p T 01 +q=c p T 02 3.0 x 10 J / kg
T 02=840 K + =1139 K
1005 J / kg . K
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
T 02 1139 K
●
Then, ✷ = =0.8868
T 0 1284.4 K
●
From Table (using interpolation) M2 = 1.58.
●
Then,
p 2 1+ γ M 21 1+1.4 (3)
2
= = =3.025 p 2=3.025 atm
p1 1+ γ M 2 1+1.4 (1.58)
2 2

2 2 2
T 2 1+ γ M M2
=
(
T 1 1+ γ M
1
2
2
)( )
M1
T 2 =761.7 K

ρ2 1+ γ M 22 M1
2

(
ρ1 = 1+ γ M 2
1
)( )
M2
ρ2 =1.398 kg/m 3
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Stagnation pressure
1.4
p 01 γ −1 2 γ −1γ
1.4−1 2
p1 (
= 1+
2
M1 ) p 01=(1 atm) 1+( 2
(3) ) 1.4−1
=36.73 atm

γ
γ −1 2
1+ M2

( )
γ −1
2
p 02 1+ γ M 1 2 p 02=12.49 atm
=
p01 1+ γ M 22 γ −1 2
1+ M1
2
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
When heat is added to the flow:

●
The opposite occurs when heat is removed.
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Note: Heat addition always draws the flow towards sonic conditions.
●
What happens when M becomes 1?
One-dimensional flow with heat addition

●
Note: Heat addition always draws the flow towards sonic conditions.
●
What happens when M becomes 1?
●
Flow becomes choked.
●
No more heat addition is possible without changing the inlet
conditions.
●
Assume that flow is supersonic and you added heat until the flow is
choked.
●
If you add more heat then there will be a normal shock upstream of
the inlet so that inlet would be subsonic.
One-dimensional flow with heat addition
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Consider a steady, adiabatic, 1-D flow in a pipe of diameter D,
where the effect of friction is modeled using wall shear stress, τw.
ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
2

ρ1 u 21 + p 1−∫ π D τw dx=ρ2 u22 + p 2

1
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + =c p T 2 +
2 2
One-dimensional flow with friction
2
2 2
● ρ u
From momentum equation 1 1 1 ∫
+ p − π D τ w dx= ρ 2 2+ p2
u
1
2

(ρ2 u22−ρ1 u21 ) +( p2− p1 )=−∫ π D τ w dx

1
●
Letting the pipe length L shrinking to dx;
2
d ( ρ u )+dp=− π D τ w dx
●
Since, ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2 ρ u=constant d ( ρ u)=0
●
Then, d ( ρ u 2 )=ρ u du+u d ( ρ u)=ρ u du
●
Which gives ρ u du+dp=− π D τ w dx
1
●
At this point we will define a friction factor, f: τ w = ρ u2 f
2
1
ρ u du+dp=− π D ρ u 2 f dx
2
One-dimensional flow with friction
2
u2 γp a
●
Using d ( ρ u)=0
( )
d c p T + =0
2
2
a= ρ p=ρ R T cpT=
γ−1
−1
4 2 γ −1 2 dM
D
f dx=
γM 2
2
(1−M ) 1+ [
2
M ] M

●
Integrating from section 1 to section 2
2 M2
2
∫D
1
4
f dx=
γ M[
−1 γ +1
2
−
2 γ
ln
1+( γ
M
(
−1)/2 M
2 )] M1

●
Knowing f as a function of x or using an average f value, M2 can be
obtained from the above equation.
●
Once we know M2 we can calculate the other properties.
M2
2
4
D
f̄ L=
[
−1 γ +1
−
γ M2 2 γ
ln
M
(
1+( γ −1)/2 M
2 )] M1
One-dimensional flow with friction
T0 γ−1 2
●
Recall stagnation temperature =1+ M
T 2
●
Since the flow is adiabatic; T =T
01 02
2
●
Then, T 2 = 2+( γ −1) M 1
T 1 2+( γ −1) M 22
●
From conservation of mass:
ρ2 a1 M 1 T1 M1
●
ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2 ρ1 a1 M 1=ρ2 a 2 M 2
From equation of state 2 2 √
ρ1 = a M = T M
2 2

p 2 ρ2 T 2
=ρ
p1 1 T
1

●
Also 2 γ
p0 γ
p 02 2+( γ −1) M p2
p (
= 1+
γ −1 2
2
M ) γ −1
(
=
p01 2+( γ −1) M 2
1
)
2 γ −1
p1
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Again consider a case where M2 = 1. We will denote the conditions
at station 2 with superscript *
T1 ( γ +1) ρ1 ✷
T 1 p 1 ρ1 T 1
T
✷= 2
2+( γ −1) M 1
2 γ
ρ ✷=
√
T1 M1 ✷= ✷
p ρ T
✷

p 01 2+( γ −1) M p1
p0
✷ =( ( γ +1) )
1 γ −1
p
✷

1
2
4
D
✷
f̄ L =
[
−1 γ +1
γM 2
−
2γ
ln
M
(
1+( γ −1)/2 M
2 )] M1
All depend on M1

2 2
4 1−M 1 γ +1 ( γ +1) M 1
D
✷
f̄ L1 = +
γ M1 2 γ
2
ln
(
2+( γ −1) M 21 )
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Solution procedure:
●
Given conditions at 1, average friction coefficient and length of the
pipe, L.
●
Using M1 calculate
4 ✷
T 1 /T
✷
ρ1 / ρ ✷ p1 / p
✷ ✷
p 01 / p 0 f̄ L1
D
4 4 4
●
Then, ✷ ✷
f̄ L2 = f̄ L1 − f̄ L
D D D

4
●
From the prepared Table read M2 corresponding to ✷
f̄ L2
D
●
Then apply, the following relations to obtain conditions at station 2
T 1 M 1 p 2 ρ2 T 2 p 02 2+( γ −1) M 22 γ −1 p 2
2
T 2 2+( γ −1) M 1 ρ2 γ
=
T 1 2+( γ −1) M 22 ρ1
=
T2 M2√ p 1
=ρ
1 T
1
=
(
p01 2+( γ −1) M 21 ) p1
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Example: Let M1 = 0.3, p1 = 1atm and T1 = 273K. If f = 0.005, D =
15 cm and L = 30 m calculate conditions at 2.
●
For M1 = 0.3 (from table)
T1 ρ1 p1 p 01 4 ✷
✷ =1.1788 ✷ =3.0702 ✷ =3.6191 ✷ =2.0351 f̄ L1 =5.2993
T ρ p p0 D

4 4
●
Using the given values, D f̄ L= 0.005 (30 m)=4
(0.15 m)

4 4 4
●
Then, ✷ ✷
f̄ L2 = f̄ L1 − f̄ L=5.2993−4=1.2993
D D D

●
From table using interpolation M 2=0.475
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Using M 1 =0.3 M 2=0.475

T 2 2+( γ −1) M 12
= =0.9741 T 2 =265.93 K
T 1 2+( γ −1) M 22

ρ2 T1 M1 p1
√ ρ =
ρ1 = T M =0.6399 1 R T 1

p2
2 2
=1.2931 kg /m
3
ρ2 =0.8275 kg/m3

=(0.6399)(0.9741)=0.6233 p 2=0.6233 atm

p1
2 γ
p 02 2+( γ −1) M 2 p2 γ −1 2 γ
=
(
p01 2+( γ −1) M 21 ) γ −1
p1
=0.6840 (
p 01= p1 1+
2
M1 ) γ−1
=1.064 atm

p 02=0.7280 atm
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Example: Let M1 = 3, p1 = 1atm and T1 = 300K. If f = 0.005, D = 12
cm and L = 1.5 m calculate conditions at 2.
●
For M1 = 3 (from table)
T1 ρ1 p1 p 01 4 ✷
✷ =0.4286 ✷ =0.5092 ✷ =0.2182 ✷ =4.2346 f̄ L 1 =0.5222
T ρ p p0 D

4 4
●
Using the given values, D f̄ L= 0.005(1.5 m)=0.25
(0.12 m)

4 4 4
●
Then, ✷ ✷
f̄ L2 = f̄ L1 − f̄ L=0.5222−0.25=0.2722
D D D

●
From table using interpolation M 2=1.9
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Using M 1 =3 M 2=1.9

T 2 2+( γ −1) M 12
= =1.6260 T 2 =487.8 K
T 1 2+( γ −1) M 22

ρ2 T1 M1 p1

p2
√2 2
ρ =
ρ1 = T M =1.2382 1 R T 1
=1.1768 kg/ m
3
ρ2 =1.4571 kg/m3

=(1.2382)(1.6260)=2.0133 p 2=2.0133 atm

p1
2 γ
p 02 2+( γ −1) M 2 p2 γ −1 2 γ
=
(
p01 2+( γ −1) M 21 ) γ −1
p1
=0.367 (
p 01= p1 1+
2
M1 ) γ−1
=36.73 atm

p 02=13.48 atm
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Therefore, in 1-D flow with friction

●
Friction always draws the flow towards sonic conditions.
One-dimensional flow with friction

●
Flow becomes choked when sonic conditions are reached.
 This work is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
It makes use of the works of
Kelly Loves Whales and Nick Merritt.