APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

a) Kinematics

b) Area under a curve

c) Volume of revolution

d) Length of arc

e) Area of surface of revolution

a) Kinematics

ds dv
Recall v  and a
dt dt

To get displacement from velocity

ds
 s dt   v dt
dt

To get velocity t from acceleration

dv
 v dt   a dt
dt

Example

A stone falls freely from the top of the cliff and it’s velocity v after t seconds is given by 10t m/s.
find the distance s metres that it falls in t seconds.

Solution

 v  10

 s   v dt   10 dt
 10t  C

When t = 0, s = 0  s  10t
Example 2
A particle is moving with acceleration a  10  t  m / s . When t = 1 velocity v = 2m/s
and when t = 0 displacement s = 0m.

a) Express displacement and velocity in terms of t:

b) Calculate the velocity when t = 3s.
c) What is the displacement when t = 5s?
d) Calculate the maximum velocity.

Solution

v   a dt   10  t  dt
1
 10t  t 2  C
2

t = 1 velocity v = 2m/s

1 15
2  10   C C 
2 2

1 15
 v  10t  t 2 
2 2

 1 15 
s   v dt  10t  t 2   dt
 2 2
1 15
 5t 2  t 3  t  C
6 2

t=1 s=0  C 0

1 15
 s  5t 2  t 3  t
6 2

1 15
t=3 v  10  3   32   18 m / s
2 2
 1 15
t=5 s  5  32   33   3  90 m
6 2

dv
maximum velocity 0
dt

dv
 10  t  0  t  10
dt

V when t = 10

1 15
v  10 10  102   42.5 m / s
2 2

Example.
A particle moves in a straight line . It passes through point 0 at t = 0, with velocity
v = 5m/s. The acceleration a m/s of the particle at time t seconds after passing through 0 is given
by a  6t  4

a) Express the velocity of the particle at time t seconds in terms of t.

b) Calculate
i) The velocity of the particle when t = 3:
ii) The distance covered by the particle when t = 2 and t = 4:

Exercise
1. A particle moves from rest with an acceleration of a  4  2t . Calculate
a) It’s velocity after three seconds
b) Its greatest distance from the starting point.
2. A particle moves on a straight line. The velocity after t seconds is given by v  3t 2  6t  3 .
The distance of the particle from the origin after one second is 10 metres. Calculate the
distance of the particle from the origin after 2 seconds.

b) AREA UNDER A CURVE

 c) VOLUME OF REVOLUTION

This is formed by rotating a given area about a given line say the x-axis

All volumes of this kind have a circular cross-section.

Consider y  f  x 

We want to find volume of solid generated by rotating area under y  f  x  between x = a and
x=b

y  f  x y  f  x  x 

Consider the volume of the strip at x . If x is

increased by x . A small disc D of volume V

Is added

The volume is greater than the iniform disc having the L.H. face of D

V    f  x   x
2

but
V    f  x   x  x
2

  f  x   x  V    f  x   x  x
2 2

V
Both ends of the inequality approaches   f  x       f  x   x 
2 2

x

As x  0 both sides of the inequality approaches   f  x  

2

V
  f  x    lim  lim   f  x  
2 2

x 0
x x 0

dv
   f  x  
2

dx
    f  x   dx
2

b
    f  x   dx
2

a
b
   y 2 dx
a

b
For rotation about x – axis V    y 2 dx
a

d
And for rotation about the y – axis  V    x 2 dy
c

Example1

Find the volume of the solid generated when area between y  3x , x  1 and x  2 is
rotated 3600 about the x –axis

Solution
b 2
V    y 2 dx    9 x 2 dx
a 1
2
9 x3

3 1
2
  3 x3  12  3  9 cubic units
1
Example2

Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis the area under the curve
3
y  x from x  0 and x  4
4

Solution
2
9 2
V  x dx
1
16
4
9 x3
 
16 3 0

9  64 
    0   12 cubic units
16  3 

Exercise

Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis the area under the curve

y  x2 from x  1 and x2

y  x2  1 from x  1 and x 1

 
y  sec x from x  and x
6 4

d) LENGTH OF AN ARC

An approximation could be found by marking a number of points on the arc and finding the sum
of the lengths

Suppose an arc of a curve is denoted into n points by points P1 , P2 , P3 ............Pn ,

Pn

Pr

P0
We shall assume that sum of the length of chords approaches length of arc as the length of the
chord approaches zero.

If x y are the increments in x and y from Pr 1 to Pr then

 Pr 1  Pr    x    y 
2 2 2

For an equation in the form y  f  x  It will be convenient to work in terms of x . We therefore

write

  y 2 
 Pr 1  Pr 
2
 1     x
  x  
  y 2 
Pr 1  Pr  1     x
  x  

Summing for all the chords and taking limits

b
  dy 2 
Length of arc S As   1     dx
a   dx  

Example 1

3 1
Find the length of the arc of the curve y  2 x 2
from x  0 to x 
3

Solution
1
3   dy  2 
As   1     dx
0   dx  
3 dy 3 1 1
y  2x 2
 2  x 2  3x 2
dx 2
2 1
 dy 
3

   9 xS 
 dx 
 1  9 x  dx
0
1
3

 1  9 x 
1
 2
dx
0
Let

u  1 9x du  9 dx
1
3
du
 1  9 x 
1
dx   u
1
As  2 2

0
9
1 2 3 2 12
  u 2  u
9 3 27
1
2
 As  1  9 x  2
3 3

27 0


2 32
27
4 1 
14
27 

Example 2

 
Find the length of the arc of the curve y  ln sec x from x   to x
6 6

Solution

dy sec x tan x
  tan x
dx sec x

6
As  

1  tan 2 x  dx

6

6 
As   sec x dx  ln  tan x  sec x  6
 6

6

 ln  tan   sec    ln  tan   sec    ln 3

 6 6  6 6
Exercise

Find the length of the arc of the curve

y  3 t3 1 from t  0 to t  4

y  1  x2 from x  0 to x  2

3
yx 2
from x  1 to x  4

e) AREA OF SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

b
S   2 f  x  1   f   x    dx
2

a
 

Example 1

Find the area of surface of revolution given that f  x   x3 from x  0 to x  1

Solution

f   x   3x 2

b
S   2 f  x  1   f   x    dx
2

a
 
1
  2 x 3 1  9 x 4  dx
0

u  1  9x4 du  36 x 3
 1
du
S   2 x 3u
1
2

0
36 x 3
1


1
u 2 du
0
18
 2 
1 1

 
3 3
  u du  1 9x
2 4 2

0
18 3 27 0

10  1
27 
 3
 2

Exercise

Find surface area

1
f  x   1  x2 0 x
2

1
f  x  0 x
x

1 3
f  x   4  x2  x
2 2

1
f  x   x 2  ln x 1 x  2
8