Rectangular waveguide

Couplers, detectors, isolators, attenuators and slotted line are

commercially available for various standard waveguide bands (1 GHz
to 220 GHz)

Waveguide is filled
y with a materials ,
 

b ,
x

a a>b
z
FOR TE modes

Ez=0 Hz0 Separation of variables argument

2
2
d X d Y
 kx X  0
2  k yY  0
2

 2 2 2 2
2 dy 2

 2  2  2  k H z  0 dx
 x y z 
k 2c  k x2  k y2
Hz(x,y,z)=hz(x,y)e-jz The general solution for hz can
 2 2 b written
be i as
2
 2  2  kc hz  0 (1)
 x y 

  k 2  kc2
Solution of equ (1) by the method of
separation of variables by letting
hz  x, y   X  x Y  y 
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
 2
 k c  0
2

X dx Y dy
 Rectangular waveguide (contd.)
hz  x, y    A cos k x x  B sin k x x C cos k y y  D sin k y y 
B d
Boundary condition
di i
Electric field tangential to the waveguide wall
ex(x,y)=0 at y=0,b (2) ey(x,y)=0 at x=0,a (3)
To find ex(x,y)
 j hz  j
ex   k y  A cos k x x  B sin k x x  C sin k y y  D cos k y y  (4)
kc y
2 2
kc
j hz j
ey  2  2 k x  A sini k x x  B cos k x x C cos k y y  D sini k y y  (5)
kc x kc
n
F
From equ (2) and d (4) DD=0,0 ky  For n=0,1,2,3…….
n=0 1 2 3
b
m
From equ q ((3)) and ((5)) B=0,, x k  For m=0,1,2,3…….
a
hz  x, y   Amn cos k x x cos k y y
 Where Amn is an arbitrary constant composed of A and C
m   n 
2 2

kc     
2

 a   b 
m and n indicates the number of half cycle variation in the x-y direction
Considering the z-dependency
z dependency we can write
H z  x, y, z   Amn cos k x x cos k y ye  jz
j n m n  jz
Ex  2 Amn cos x sin ye
kc b a b
j m m n  jz
Ey   2 Amn sin x cos ye
kc a a b
 j H z j m m n  jz
Hx   2 Amn sin x cos ye
kc x
2
kc a a b
j H z j n m n  jz
Hy  2  2 Amn cos x sin ye
kc y kc b a b
 The propagation constant
m   n 
2 2

 mn  k  kc  k   
  
2 2 2

 a   b 
Propagation constant is seen to be real for k>kc.
The cutoff of a particular mode is the condition that makes =0.
This condition occurs when k=kc. The wave will be propagated
when k>kc. Thus for TEmn mode the cutoff frequency will be

m   n 
2 2

c 
  
   
 a   b 
m   n 
2 2

2f c 
  
   
 a   b 
m   n 
2 2

fc 
1 
   
2   a   b 
Dominant mode
The mode having the lowest cutoff frequency is called the
dominant mode.
For a>b the dominant mode will be TE10 and the cutoff frequency will be

1
 f c TE10 
2a 

For b>a the dominant mode will be TE01 and the cutoff frequency will be

1
 f c TE 01 
2b 
At a given operating frequency of f , fc<ff only those mode will be
propagate.
If fc>f ,  will be imaginary all field components will decay
exponentially away from the source. Such mode will be referred to as
cutoff.
If more than one mode is propagating the waveguide is said to be
overmoded
Wave Ex E y  k
Z TE    
impedance Hy Hx  
Guide wavelength
The guide wavelength is defined as the distance between two equal
phase
h panes along
l the
h waveguide.
id
2
  
g TE
mn
 mn

vp 
 mn
The operating frequency and guide dimensions are chosen so that only
the dominant TE10 mode will p
propagate.
p g

 m    n 
2 2

    0
g 
    1   a  2  b   fc 
2

  r r 1  
 f 
 m    n 
2 2

   
 a   b 

    1 
2
2 2
 fc   fc 
    1     k 1   
 f   f 
 Field equations for m=1, n=0
 
H z  x, y, z   A10 cos xe
 j z kc 
a a
j  n m n   j z  
2

Ex  2 Amn cos x sin

i ye  0   k2  
kc b a b a
j   j z
Ey   aA10 sin xe
 a
j a   j z
Hx  A10 sin xe
 a
j n m n  jz
Hy   2 Amn cos x sin ye  0
kc b a b
P1. A TE10 wave at 10 GHz propagates in a rectangular waveguide
with inner dimensions a=1.5 cm and b=0.6 cm which is filled with
polythelene r=22.25,
25 r=1
1. Determine (I) the phase constant () ,(ii)
(ii)
the guide wavelength (g) (iii) the phase velocity and (iv) wave
impedance.
 m   n 
2 2

fc  1
    =6.67 GHz
2   a   b 
2
 fc 
    1    = 234 rad/m
 f 

2 
   = 0.0268
0 0268 m Z TE 
g TE
mn
 mn f 
2 337 4
= 337.4
1  c 
  f 
vp  =2 68 x108 m/s
=2.68
 mn
P2. Write down the instantaneous field expression for TE10 mode in
a rectangular waveguide having sides a and b. (ii) Sketch the
electric and magnetic field lines in typical xy-yz
xy yz and xz planes.
planes


H z  x, y, z   A10 cos xe  jz j a 
a H x  x, y , z   A10 sin
i xe  jz
 a

j 
E y  x, y , z    aA10 sin xe  jz
 a
     j a  
H z  x, y, z , t   Re A10 cos xe  jz e jt  H x  x, y, z   Re A10 sin xe  jz e jt 
 a    a 
 a 
 A10 cos x cost  z  - A10 sin x sin(t  z )
a  a

 j
  
E y  x, y, z , t   Re  aA10 sin xe  jz e jt 
  a 
 
 aA10 sin x sin(t  z )
 a
 Power lost per unit
Power flow down the guide for TE10 mode length due to finite wall
1
P10  Re R x0 y 0 E  H .zˆdxdy conductivity
a b
d d
2 Rs
Pl   J s dl
2
1
P10  Re x0 y 0 E y H x*dxdyy
a b
2 c
2
1 a 2 2 x Rs-wall surface resitance
P10  
2 a b
Re( ) A10 x 0 y 0 sin dxdy
2  2
a
C- integration
C i t ti contour
t
1 a 2b encloses the perimeter of
P10  10 Re(  )
2
A
4  2
the guide wall
Surface current Jˆs  nˆ  Hˆ
Attenuation due to dielectric Attenuation due to
k 2 tan  conductor loss
d 
2 c 
Pl
2 P10

 3
Rs
2b 2  a 3k 2 
a bk
FOR TM modes

Hz=0 Ez0
d2X
 k x X  0
2
 2 2 2 2 dx 2
 2  2  2  k  Ez  0
 x y z 
k 2c  k x2  k y2
Ez(x,y,z)=ez(x,y)e-jz The general solution for ez can
b written
be i as
 2 2 2
 2  2  k c e z  0
 x y 

  k 2  kc2
Solution of equ (1) by the method of
separation of variables by letting
ez  x, y   X  x Y  y 
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
 2
 k 2
c
0
X dx Y dy
 ez  x, y    A cos k x x  B sin k x x C cos k y y  D sin k y y  (1)
Boundary
B d condition
di i
Electric field tangential to the waveguide wall
ez(x,y)=0 at x=0,a (2) ez(x,y)=0 at y=0,b (3)
m
Applying 2 to 1,
1 A 0, k x 
A=0
a
n
Applying 3 to 1, C=0 ky 
b
E z  x, y, z   Bmn sin k x x sin k y y e  jz
 TM WAVE
 j E z  j m  m   n 
Ex  2  B cos x  sin  y  e  j z
kc x  a   b 
mn
kc2 a

 j E z  j  n  m   n 
Ey   B sin  x  cos y  e  j z
kc2 y  a   b 
mn
kc2 b
j E z j n  m   n 
Hx  2  B sin  x  cos y  e  j z
kc y k c2 b
mn
 a   b 
j E z  j m  m   n   jz
Hy    B cos x  sin  y e
kc x  a   b 
2 2 mn
kc a
P
Propagation
ti constantt t
E and H are zero if m=0 and
m   n 
2 2

 mn  k 2  kc2  k 2      n=0, Thus there is no TM00,

 a2   b  TM , TM mode.
mode The
 m   n 
2 01 10
1
fc      lowest order TM mode to
2   a   b 
propagate is TM11 mode.
Ex Ey  
Z TM    
Hy H x  k
 P3. A rectangular waveguide having interior dimensions a=2.3
cm and b=1.0 is filled a medium characterized by y r=2.25 and
r=1.0. Find (i) kc, fc and c for TM11 mode. (ii) If the operating
frequency 15% higher than the cutoff frequency find (Z)TM11,
()TM11 and (g)TM11. Assume the wave guide to be lossless for
propagating mode.
((i)) f=1.15fc=12.54 GHz
 m   n  =342.6 (m-11)
2 2

kc     
 a   b 
 m   n  kc
2 2

fc 
1
     =10.9
10.9 GHz
2   a   b  2  r  0  0

c TM 11  2  1.83 cm

kc
2
 fc    2
(ii)     1    g TM

 TM 11 =3.23 cm
 f 
11

=194.5 rad/m Z TM 11   =124.2 

k
P4. Consider a length of air filled copper x-band wave guide with
dimensions a=2.286 cm and b=1.016 cm. Find the cutoff frequencies of
the
h fi
first four
f propagating
i modes.
d How H many TE andd TM modes d can the
h
waveguide transmit when operating frequency is 16.5 GHz. What will
be the dominant mode.
(i) f=1.15fc=12.54 GHz
 m   n 
2 2

kc      =342.6 (m-1)
 a   b 
 m   n  kc
2 2

fc 
1
     =10.9 GHz
2   a   b  2  r  0  0

c TM 11  2  1.83 cm

kc
2
f    2
(ii)     1   c  g TM

 TM 11 =3.23 cm
 f 
11

=194 5 rad/m
=194.5 Z TM 11   124 2 
=124.2
k
 Resonant Cavity
 In ordinary electronic equipment a resonant circuit consists of a coil and a
capacitor
it that
th t are connected
t d either
ith ini series
i or in
i parallel.
ll l
 The resonant frequency of the circuit is increased by reducing the
capacitance, the inductance, or both.
 A point is eventually reached where the inductance and the capacitance can
be reduced no further.
 This
hi iis the
h hi
highest
h ffrequency at which
hi h a conventional
i l circuit
i i can oscillate.
ill
 The upper limit for a conventional resonant circuit is between 2000 and
3000 megahertz.
g
 At these frequencies, the inductance may consist of a coil of one-half turn,
and the capacitance may simply be the stray capacitance of the coil.
 Tuning a one-half turn coil is very difficult and tuning stray capacitance is
even more difficult. In addition, such a circuit will handle only very small
amounts of current.
What is resonant cavity?
A resonant cavity
i isi any space completely
l l enclosed
l d by b conducting
d i
walls that can contain oscillating electromagnetic fields and possess
resonant pproperties
p .

Advantages
 Uses at microwave frequencies.
 Resonant cavities have a very high Q and can be built to handle
relatively large amounts of power. Cavities with a Q value in excess
of 30,000 are not uncommon.
 The high Q gives
gi es these devices
de ices a narrow
narro bandpass and allo
allowss very
er
accurate tuning.
 Rugged construction is an additional advantage.
 Uses
1. In Klystron tube
2. Bandpass filters
3. Wavemeter
4. Microwave oven essentially consists of a power supply,
waveguide feed and oven cavity

Characteristics of Cavity Resonator

1. EM field are confined inside the boxes

2. Radiation and high resistance effects are eliminated
3. High Q
4.. Have
ve natural
u resonant
eso frequency
eque cy
Depending on how the cavity is excited the wave can propagate
in the x-,, yy-,, or z- direction. In fact there is no wave p
propagation.
p g

Boundary conditions
E z  0 at x  0, a
E z  0 at y  0, b
E x  0 E y  0 at z  0,
0 d

For TEmnp mode

If we select TEmn mode of rectangular waveguide. Addition of

positively and negatively traveling waves for Hz

 m   n 
H z  cos x  cos y  Ae  jz  Be jz 
 a   b 
Normal component of Hz must be zero at z=0 and z=d
Apply the above condition we will get A=-B
 m   n   jz
H z  A cos x  cos y e  e jz 
 a   b 
 m   n  e  e 
j z  j z

H z  2 jA cos x  cos y  
 a   b  2 j 
 m   n 
H z  2 jA cos x  cos y  sin z Again applying the
 a   b  boundary condition Hz=0
 m   n 
H z  H 0 cos x  cos y  sin z at z=d we will get
 a   b  d  p
 m   n   p  p
H z  H 0 cos x  cos y  sin  z Where p=0,1,2,3
 a   b   d  
d

m=0,1,2,3…..represents the halfwave periodicity in the x-direction

n=0,1,2,3…..represents
, , , p the halfwave periodicity
p y in the yy-direction
p=0,1,2,3…..represents the halfwave periodicity in the z-direction
 Other Field components
 m   n   p 
H z  H 0 cos x  cos y  sin  z
 a   b   d 
H  p  m   m   n   p 
H x   20    sin  x  cos y  cos z
k c  d  a   a   b   d 
H 0  p  n   m   n   p 
Hy   2    cos x  sin  y  cos z
k c  d  b   a   b   d 
j
H 0  n   m   n   p 
Ex    cos x  sin
i  y  sin
i  z
kc  b   a   b   d 
2

jH 0  m   m   n   p 
Ey     sin  x  cos y  sin  z
kc  a   a
2
  b   d 

Resonant frequency for TEmnp

m   n 
2 2

 m   n   p 

k    
2 2 2 2
1
 f r mnp        c
 a   b 
2   a   b   d 
 For TE101 mode
m=1 n=0 and p=1
m=1,

   
H z  H 0 cos x  sin  z 
a  d 
a    
H x   H 0 sin  x  cos z
d a  d 
Hy  0
Ex  0
 a     
E y   jH 0   sin  x  sin  z
   a   d 

Resonant Frequency
q y
   
2 2
1
 f r 101     
2   a   d 
For TMmnp mode

 m   n   p 
E z  E0 sin  x  sin  y  cos z
 a   b   d 

Degenerate mode
Different modes having the same resonant fequency are called
degenerate mode.  m   n   p 
E z  E0 sin  x  sin  y  cos z
 a   b   d 
TMmnp and Temnp are always degenerate mode if

m  0, n  0, p  0
P1. Determine the dominant modes and their frequencies in an
air filled rectangular
g cavityy resonantor for ((i)) a>b>d ((ii)) a>d>b
and (iii) a=b=d.

The
h modes
d off the
h llowest order
d are TM110, TE101, TE011

(i) a>b>d the lowest resonant frequency is (f )TM110

(ii) a>d>b the lowest resonant frequency is (f )TE101

(iii) a=d=b the lowest resonant frequency is (f )TE101, (f )TM110,

(f )TE011